- About the library
- Resources and borrowing
- Study and assignment skills
- Research and publishing
- Teaching
- Contact the library
This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) referencing style is a numbered style, meaning in-text citations are represented by a number [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5] and used to acknowledge ideas of author(s) you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised numerically not alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools
Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.
When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.
IEEE examples
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Book
Format
- A. A. Author, Title of the Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State (USA/Canada only), Country: Abbrev. Of Publisher, year, ch. X, sec. x, pp. xxx-xxx. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- D. Ibrahim, Advanced PIC Microcontroller Projects in C. Kidlington, United Kingdom: Newnes, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://library-books24x7.com
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- For cities in the US and Canada, list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, Title of the Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Publisher, year.
Example
- S. G. Kochan, Programming in C. NJ, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2015.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- If there are two authors, there is no comma after the first author
- For cities in the US and Canada, list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- M. A. Taylor, “Exploring inferential analysis,” in Information System Research: Fundamentals of Scientific Research for the Consumer, New York, NY, USA: Momentum Press, 2017, ch. 8, pp. 127-137. [Online]. Available: http://ebookcentral-proquest.com
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- For cities in the US and Canada, list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country.
- For a physical book, remove [Online]. Available: URL from the citation.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Article
Journal article – electronic with DOI
Format
- A. A. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month. year, doi: xxx.
Example
- D. Donoho, “50 years of data science,” J. Comput and Graphical Statist., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 745–766, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Journal Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Omit "Abbrev. Month" if unavailable.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Journal article – electronic with URL
Format
- A. A. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- H. Hofmann, “Generalized odds rations for visual modelling,” J. Comput. and Graphical Statist., vol. 10, no. 4, pp.628–640, 2001. [Online]. Available: www-tandfonline-com/toc/ucgs20/current
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six authors listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Journal Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Omit "Abbrev. Month" if unavailable.
- URL is the journal homepage where possible.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
Example
- S. Ren, G. A. Agha, and M. Saito, “A modular approach to programming distributed real-time systems,” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 36, pp. 4-12, 1996.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Journal Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Omit "Abbrev. Month" if unavailable
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Newspaper article – electronic
Format
- A. Author, "Title of article," Title of Newspaper: Section, p. inclusive page numbers, Abbreviated Month Date, Year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The West Australian, para. 3, Mar. 29, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.thewest.com.au
- J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://global.factiva.com
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.,)
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. Author, "Title of article," Title of Newspaper: Section, p. inclusive page numbers, Abbreviated Month Date, Year.
Example
- K. Burman, “The IoT on a growth path,” The Sydney Morning Herald: Commercial Real Estate, p. 26, Aug. 12, 2017.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.,)
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Report, conference, thesis
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Company or Institution., City of Company or Institution., Abbrev. State (USA/Canada only), Country, Rep. xxx, year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- A. Yates and N. Greet, “Energy security Australia: Crafting a comprehensive energy security policy,” Engineers Australia, Canberra, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Public%20Affairs/Energy%20Security%20for%20Australia%20-%20 Crafting%20a%20Comprehensive%20Energy%20Security%20Policy.pdf
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Online reports require the full URL of the document.
- Omit [Online]. Available: URL if citing a physical report.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated Name Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State, Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Conference Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations and further examples.
- Omit [Online]. Available: URL if citing a physical conference paper.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Conference proceedings – electronic
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx–xxx, doi: xxx.
- A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- S. Savarese, H. Rushmeier, F. Bernardini, and P. Perona, “Implementation of a shadow carving system for shape capture,” in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. 3D Data Processing Vis. Transmiss., Jun. 2002, pp. 12–23, doi: 10.1109/TDPVT.2002.1024034.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Conference Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations and further examples.
- Month abbreviations: If adding month information before the year, use the abbreviated month format.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Conference proceedings – print
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Example
- C. Adler, G. Klink, M. Feil, F. Ansorge and H. Reichl, "Assembly of ultra thin and flexible ICs," in 4th Int. Conf. Adhesive Joining Coating Technol. Electron. Manuf. Proc. Presented at Adhesives in Electronics 2000, Espoo, Finland, 2000, pp. 20-23.
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.)
- Conference Titles: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations and further examples.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Thesis or dissertation – electronic
Format
- A. A. Author, "Title of thesis: Subtitle," Thesis type, Abbrev, Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Abbrev. State, Country, Year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- J. Lee, “Modeling computer integrated construction site management,” M.S. thesis, School of Eng., Griffith Univ., Gold Coast, Australia, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/368089
Notes
- University information: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- State: US or Canada only. Omit for other countries.
- Thesis type: "M.S. thesis" for Masters Thesis, "Ph.D. dissertation" for Doctoral dissertation.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Thesis or dissertation – print
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of thesis,” Thesis type, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
Example
- J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
Notes
- University information: Abbreviated titles are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- State: US or Canada only. Omit for other countries.
- Thesis type: "M.S. thesis" for Masters Thesis, "Ph.D. dissertation" for Doctoral dissertation.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Figure, table, data, statistics
Format
In-text citation: [#, Fig. #] [#, Tab. #] [#, eq. (#)]
Example
[3, Fig. 4] or [10, Tab. 5] or [7, eq. (6)]
Notes
- Use the source citation e.g. journal article, for reference list format
- Use the same citation number (e.g. Lee [3]..., ...[3, Fig. 4]) if citing from the same source.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. Author, Statistics Title (identification number). Location: Publisher, year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Energy Use and Electricity Generation, Australia, 2017-18 (cat. no. 4660.0). Canberra: ABS, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
Notes
- Use company/organisation name if no author.
- Statistics are treated as a report if using a print resource.
- If constantly updated with no change in title or catalogue number, add after the URL (accessed: Abbreviated Month. Day, Year).
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. Author, Title of Dataset, vol. x, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication, doi: 10.xxxxxxx.
Example
- A. Barnard and G. Opletal, Palladium Nanoparticle Data Set, vol. 1, Canberra: CSIRO, 2019, doi: 10.25919/5d3958ee6f239.
Notes
- Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available.
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary owner/creator followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.,).
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. Author, Title of Dataset, vol. x, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL (accessed: Abbrev. Month. Day, Year).
Example
- Department of the Environment and Energy, Energy Rating Data for Household Appliances: Labelled Products, vol. 2019. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/energy-rating-for-household-appliances (accessed: Sep. 12, 2019).
Notes
- Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available.
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary owner/creator followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.,).
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Website, video, audio, software, AI
Format
- A. Author, “Page Title.” Website title. URL (accessed Abbrev. Month. day, year).
Example
- Engineers Australia, “Engineering technologist.” Engineers Australia. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/For-Individuals/Engineering-Technologist (accessed Aug. 3, 2019).
Notes
- Names: use company/organisation name if author is unavailable.
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Use web page format for most web content (see other headings for more detailed information on other web content including data sets or standards).
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- Video Owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video: In Initial Caps. (Release date). Accessed: Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: URL
Example
- TEDx Talks, Sydney, Australia. The promise and Peril of Our Quantum Future: Craig Costello. (Jul. 15, 2019). Accessed: Aug. 12, 2019. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR9stQH6ltw
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary owner/creator followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.,)
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Artist, Credit, and B. B. Artist, Credit, "Title of episode," Title of Program: Subtitle, Date of recording, Year. Place of recording: Publisher. [Format]. Available: URL (accessed: Month Day, Year).
Example
- M. Ward, Presenter, and O. Christie, Speaker, “Artificial intelligence for good,” The Disruptors: The future of all of us, Nov. 14, 2018. United States: The Disruptors. [Podcast]. Available: https://disruptors.fm/65-artificial-intelligence-for-good-xprize-adivsor-oliver-christie/ (accessed: Aug. 4, 2019).
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary owner/creator followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Credit: Presenter, Creator or Speaker can be used when needed.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- Title of Software (version or year), Publisher Name. Accessed: Date (when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Available: URL.
Example
- MATLAB 9.5 (2018), MathWorks.
- Trinket (2018), Trinket. [Online]. Available: trinket.io
Notes
- Include Accessed: Date when citing an online manual.
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
- Dates: Use the Abbreviated month. Day, Year. format for adding the date, for example Jun. 3, 2018.
- Please see the IEEE Reference Guide to cite software manuals if required.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
[#] Title of Software (version or year), Publisher Name. Accessed: Date (when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Available: URL.
Example
[1] ChatGPT (March 14 version), OpenAI. Accessed: Apr. 18, 2023. [Large language model]. Available: https://chat.openai.com/chat
Notes
- Check the details of your assessment and/or course to determine if you are permitted to use generative artificial intelligence tools to complete your assessment.
- Describe how you have used the AI tool in your work.
- Use the home page of the software for the URL source.
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Standard, patent, unpublished
Format
- Title of Standard, Standard number, Abbreviated Month, Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL
Example
- Bridge design – Part 1: Scope and general principles, AS 5100.1:2017, Jan. 1, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/others/sa/as--5100-dot-1-colon-2017
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (Year, Month Day). Patent Number [Type of medium]. Available: URL
Example
- Solar water heating process, by B. Bourke. (2004, Dec. 22). Australia Patent 2004303898 [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2004303898
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary owner/creator followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams et al.)
Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations. - Use the issued date if there are multiple dates.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A Author. (Year). Title of Lecture [Type of Medium]. Available: URL.
Example
- J. Smith. (2019). Introduction to Programming Fundamentals [PowerPoint slides]. Available: www.bblearn.griffith.edu.au
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month year.
Example
- J. Aston, private communication, Jul. 2018.
Notes
- Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months (e.g. Jun, Sep) are used in IEEE. Please see the IEEE Reference Guide for the list of all abbreviations.
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Format
- A. A. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.
Example
- B. Lindell, “IoT: an introduction to use in the workplace,” unpublished. [Online]. Accessed: http://www.iotworkplace.com.au/papers/2018/03/lindell
Notes
- Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. (e.g. A. Adams, et al.)
In-text
Examples
As shown by [5]...
Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
Wood et al. [7]...
.... [8].
As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Notes
- Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source.
- The source retains the same number as the first citation.
- The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#].
- Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Can't find it?
Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.
In-Text Citations
Acknowledge authors in your writing by:
- including a number in square brackets, inside the punctuation [#]
- numbering the citations in order they appear in your assignment
- ensuring the source retains the same number as the first citation
- using et al. when three or more names are given for a reference cited in your assignment.
Examples:
- As shown by [5]...
- Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]...
- Wood et al. [7]...
- .... [8].
- As mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]... (cites source 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9)
Reference list
Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References".
In your reference list:
- list references from [1] to [x]
- indent references and ensure the numbers appear in their own column
- follow the reference formats that can be found in the examples, or view the IEEE Reference Guide for more detailed information.
References
- S. G. Kochan, Programming in C. NJ, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2015.
- M. A. Taylor, “Exploring inferential analysis,” in Information System Research: Fundamentals of Scientific Research for the Consumer, New York, NY, USA: Momentum Press, 2017, ch. 8, pp. 127-137. [Online]. Available: http://ebookcentral-proquest.com
- H. Hofmann, “Generalized odds rations for visual modelling,” J. Comput. and Graphical Statist., vol. 10, no. 4, pp.628–640, 2001. [Online]. Available: www-tandfonline-com
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Energy Use and Electricity Generation, Australia, 2017-18 (cat. no. 4660.0). Canberra: ABS, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats. [Accessed: Aug. 7, 2019].
- D. Ibrahim, Advanced PIC Microcontroller Projects in C. Kidlington, United Kingdom: Newnes, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://library-books24x7.com
- J. Lee, “Modeling computer integrated construction site management,” M.S. thesis, School of Engineering, Griffith Univ., Gold Coast, Australia, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/368089
- M. Ward, Presenter, and Oliver Christie, Speaker, “Artificial intelligence for good,” The Disruptors: The future of all of us, Nov. 14, 2018. United States: The Disruptors. [Podcast]. Available: https://disruptors.fm/65-artificial-intelligence-for-good-xprize-adivsor-oliver-christie/ . [Accessed: Aug. 4, 2019].
- J. Aston, private communication, Jul. 2018.
- Bridge design – Part 1: Scope and general principles, AS 5100.1:2017, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/others/sa/as--5100-dot-1-colon-2017
- TEDx Talks, Sydney, Australia. The promise and Peril of Our Quantum Future: Craig Costello. (Jul. 15, 2019). Accessed: Aug. 12, 2019. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR9stQH6ltw
- J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
- D. Donoho, “50 years of data science,” J. Comput and Graphical Statist., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 745–766, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734.
- S. Ren, G. A. Agha, and M. Saito, “A modular approach to programming distributed real-time systems,” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 36, pp. 4-12, 1996.
- Engineers Australia, “Engineering technologist.” Engineers Australia. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/For-Individuals/Engineering-Technologist (accessed Aug. 3, 2019).
- C. Adler, G. Klink, M. Feil, F. Ansorge and H. Reichl, "Assembly of ultra thin and flexible ICs," in 4th Int. Conf. on Adhesive Joining and Coating Technol. in Electron. Manuf. Proc. Presented at Adhesives in Electronics 2000, Espoo, Finland, 2000, pp. 20-23.
- J. Smith. (2019). Introduction to Programming Fundamentals [PowerPoint slides]. Available: www.bblean.griffith.edu.au
- S. Savarese, H Rushmeier, F Bernardini and P Perona, “Implementation of a shadow carving system for shape capture,” in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. 3D Data Processing Vis. and Transmiss., Jun. 2002, pp. 12–23, doi: 10.1109/TDPVT.2002.1024034.
- A. Yates and N. Greet, “Energy security Australia: Crafting a comprehensive energy security policy,” Engineers Australia, Canberra, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/Public%20Affairs/Energy%20Security%20for%20Australia%20-%20Crafting%20a%20Comprehensive%20Energy%20Security%20Policy.pdf
- D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.
- B. Lindell, “IoT: an introduction to use in the workplace,” unpublished. [Online]. Accessed: http://www.iotworkplace.com.au/papers/2018/03/lindell
- Trinket (2018), Trinket. Accessed: Apr. 25, 2019. [Online]. Available: trinket.io
- K. Burman. “The IoT on a growth path,” The Sydney Morning Herald: Commercial Real Estate, p. 26, Aug. 12, 2017.
- Solar water heating process by B. Bourke. (Dec. 22, 2004). Australia Patent 2004303898 [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=200430389
- A. Barnard and G. Opletal, Palladium Nanoparticle Data Set, vol. 1, Canberra: CSIRO, 2019. doi: 10.25919/5d3958ee6f239
- C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The West Australian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2019].
- MATLAB 9.5 (2018), MathWorks.
- J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed Aug. 15, 2019].
Official manual
Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.
How to print or save a copy of this guide
- In your browser menu, choose File > Print
- Choose the destination: your printer or Save as PDF
- Click the Save button
- If you opted to Save as PDF you will need to enter a file name and click the Save button again
- In your browser menu, choose File > Print
- To print, choose PDF from the drop-down menu and click the Print button
- To save, choose Save as PDF from the drop-down menu
- Enter a file name and click the Save button again
In your browser menu, choose File > Print
- To print, choose PDF from the drop-down menu and click the Print button
- To save, choose Save as PDF from the drop-down menu
- Enter a file name and click the Save button again
We recommend you print or save using a different browser. Edge will not capture the whole guide (only the open accordion).
- File > Print
- Save as PDF
- Save As: enter a file name
- Save
- Cancel print window
- In Safari, on your phone, tap the Share button
- Tap Print and select your printer
- To save PDF, tap on the page preview and zoom out (place two fingers on the screen and move them away from each other)
- Tap the Share button again
- Choose Save to Files
- In Chrome, on your phone, tap the Share button
- Tap Menu (ellipsis or three dots in the upper right corner)
- Tap Share
- Tap Print
- From the Select a printer drop-down, tap Save as PDF
- Tap the blue circle to download the PDF
Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.
Ask the library
We are here to help!
Find us in the libraries or contact us by phone or online.
Workshops
We offer online workshops on researching, referencing, structuring assignments and exam preparation. Come along and improve your skills!
Peer assisted study sessions
Attend a student facilitated group study session.
Griffith mentors study support
Get study support by connecting with a Griffith student mentor.