Chicago 17
Notes and Bibliography referencing guide
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This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your notes and bibliography.
Chicago 17 Notes and Bibliography is a numbered style, meaning in-text citations are represented by superscript numerals like this1 and this,2 that correspond to numbered footnotes at the bottom of the page containing the citation details. All citations are then listed in an alphabetically ordered bibliography at the end of your assignment.
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools
Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.
When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.
Chicago 17 Notes & Bibliography Examples
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Book
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), pp, DOI or URL or Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title, pp.
Example
1. Anna Simpson, The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring (London: Palgrave MacMillan Limited, 2017), 118-19, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
2. Simpson, Innovation-Friendly, 145.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastname, Firstname. Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name, Year. DOI or URL or Database.
Example
Simpson, Anna. The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring. London: Palgrave MacMillan Limited, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
Take note
- Include the DOI, when provided in the source - it is the preferred locator.
- Ensure that the DOI is in https://doi.org/... format. For example, if the given DOI is DOI:10.1086/679716, you need to append 10.1086/679716 to https://doi.org/ to create the persistent link https://doi.org/10.1086/679716
- If there is no DOI, provide a stable URL, or if accessed from Griffith subscribed databases, state the database name.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), pp.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title, pp.
Example
1. Chris Guest, Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics (Canberra: Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016), 98.
2. Guest, Sharing the Water, 151.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastname, Firstname. Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name, Year.
Example
Guest, Chris. Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics. Canberra: Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. ChapterAuthorFirstName LastName, "Chapter Title: Subtitle if Any," in Book Title: Subtitle if Any, ed. EditorFirstName LastName (City: Publisher, Year), pp, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. ChapterAuthorLastName, "Shortened Chapter Title," pp.
Example
1. Brianna L. Kennedy, "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction," in The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, ed. Uwe Flick (London: SAGE Publications, 2018), 2, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.
2. Kennedy, "Deduction," 5.
Bibliography list entry
Format
ChapterAuthorLastName, FirstName. "Chapter Title: Subtitle if Any." In Book Title: Subtitle if Any, edited by EditorFirstName LastName, page range of chapter. City: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Kennedy, Brianna L. "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, edited by Uwe Flick, 1-22. London: SAGE Publications, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.
Take note
- For works with several editors, format the editor's names the same way as authors' names as shown in the Authors table below under Note entries.
- Print and electronic book citations have the same formatting except for the inclusion of DOI/URL/Database for electronic sources.
- If individual chapters are assigned a DOI each that is different to the DOI of the book as a whole - use the specific chapter DOI.
- The chapter's DOI should appear in the full-text PDF of the chapter.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Book with editor in place of author
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. EditorFirstName LastName, ed., Book Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), pp, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. EditorLastName, Shortened Book Title, pp.
Example
1. Jon Stewart, ed., A Companion to Kierkegaard (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 45-46, ProQuest Ebook Central.
2. Stewart, Kierkegaard, 75.
Bibliography list entry
Format
EditorLastName, FirstName, ed. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Stewart, Jon, ed. A Companion to Kierkegaard. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Take note
- Format editors' and translators' names the same way as authors' names as shown in the table below.
- If you need to acknowledge a translator in addition to the author, add the translator's name after the title of the book. For example:
- Note entry: Jane Smith, Title of Book, trans Pierre Benoit...
- Bibliography entry: Smith, Jane. Title of Book. Translated by Pierre Benoit. ...
- The format is the same for print books except that the DOI/URL/Database element is required in electronic book citations.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Title of Encyclopedia, edition name if any, s.v. "item name," by Contributor Name if any, last modified/accessed date in Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. Title of Encyclopedia, "item name."
Example
1. Grove Art Online, s. v. "Art Deco," by Suzanne Tise, last modified July 15, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004334.
2. Grove Art Online, "Art Deco."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Title of Encyclopedia. Edition name/number if any. Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Grove Art Online. Last modified July 15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004334.
Take note
- In the note entry, s.v. stands for sub verbo ("under the word"; plural s.vv.) and is placed before the cited word or phrase.
- The bibliography entry does not require use of s.v.
- Do not italicise titles of electronic encyclopedias that have no printed counterpart, e.g. Encyclopedia.com.
- For substantial, authored encyclopedia articles, format the note and bibliography entries the same way as for a Chapter in an Edited Book.
- Encyclopedias on the Web often do not have an edition name or number.
Note entries
Format
Electronic
1. Title of Dictionary, edition name/number if any, s.v. "item name," last modified/accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
2. Title of Dictionary, edition name/number (City: Publisher, Year), s.v. "item name."
Example
1. Merriam-Webster, s.v. "kludge " accessed August 25, 2019, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kludge.
2. Collins English Dictionary, 4th Australian ed. (Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998), s.v. "circumambient."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Electronic
Title of Dictionary. Edition name/number. Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Title of Dictionary. Edition name/number. City: Publisher, Year.
Example
Collins English Dictionary. 4th Australian ed. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.
Merriam-Webster. Accessed August 25, 2019. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kludge.
Take note
- In the note entry, s.v. stands for sub verbo ("under the word"; plural s.vv.) and is placed before the cited word.
- The bibliography entry does not require use of "s.v."
- Do not italicise titles of electronic dictionaries that have no printed counterpart, e.g. The Free Dictionary by Farlex.
- Dictionaries on the Web often do not have an edition name or number.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any, Edition ed. (City: Publisher, Year), pp, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Book Title, pp.
Example
1. Andrew Hugill, The Digital Musician, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2019), 183-84, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
2. Hugill, Digital Musician, 190.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. Edition ed. City: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Stewart, Jon, ed. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
Take note
- Notice the edition number is not superscripted: 2nd ed., not 2nd ed.
- In the note entry the edition is separated from the title by a comma and a space, but the bibliography list entry, by a period and a space.
- Other types of editions: rev. ed. (revised edition); Asia-Pacific ed. (name of a publication series).
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Article
Journal article – electronic with DOI
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s, DOI.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Deborah Littlejohn, "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change," Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (April 2017): 39-41, https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.
2. Littlejohn, "Disciplining Graphic Design," 43-44.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page range. DOI.
Example
Littlejohn, Deborah. "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change." Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (April 2017): 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.
Take note
- Include the month or season, if provided in the source, to the publication year, as shown in the example above.
- All titles are in headline-style capitalisation, meaning the first and all major words are capitalised. Don't capitalise the, a, an, and, but, for, or, nor, as and other prepositions unless used as the first word of the title.
- Article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks, journal titles are in italics.
- Provide journal titles in full but exclude any leading The; for example use British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Journal article – electronic with URL or Database Name instead of DOI
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s, URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Spyros Papaioannou, "Mapping the 'Non-representational': Derrida and Artaud's Metaphysics of Presence in Performance Practice," Liminalities 14, no. 4 (2018): 12, ProQuest.
2. Papaioannou, "Mapping," 16.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page range. URL/Database.
Example
Papaioannou, Spyros. "Mapping the 'Non-representational': Derrida and Artaud's Metaphysics of Presence in Performance Practice." Liminalities 14, no. 4 (2018): 1-19. ProQuest.
Take note
- If no DOI is provided in the source, use a stable URL that does not contain libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au within it as only those with a Griffith login will be able to access the article. Alternatively, check with your course convenor if a URL which contains libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au is acceptable for assignments.
- If no stable URL is available, provide the name of the database where you found the source.
- All titles are in headline case, but article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks while journal titles are in italics.
- State journal titles in full but drop any leading The; for example use British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics.
- Refer to Other > URLs and DOIs for more information.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Danielle Smith, "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling," Art and Australia 51, no. 4 (Winter 2014): 520.
2. Smith, "Mechanisms of Making," 521.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year): page range.
Example
Smith, Danielle. "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling." Art and Australia 51, no. 4 (Winter 2014): 519-21.
Take note
- Include month or season in the publication year if provided in the source.
- For page ranges above 101, abbreviate the last page number to the changed digits only, i.e. 519-21 (as shown), not 519-521.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Journal article - accepted for publication but not yet appeared
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Journal, volume number (forthcoming), URL.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Shengxian Wang, Xiaojie Chen, and Attila Szolnoki, "Exploring Optimal Institutional Incentives for Public Cooperation," Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 79 (forthcoming), https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10989.
2. Wang, Chen, and Szolnoki, "Institutional Incentives."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal volume number (forthcoming). URL.
Example
Wang, Shengxian, Xiaojie Chen, and Attila Szolnoki. "Exploring Optimal Institutional Incentives for Public Cooperation." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 79 (forthcoming). https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10989.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Journal article - not yet accepted, available as preprint version
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any," Preprint, submitted Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Han Ye and Zhunchen Luo, "Deep Ranking Based Cost-Sensitive Multi-Label Learning for Distant Supervision Relation Extraction," Preprint, submitted July 25, 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11521.
2. Ye and Luo, "Deep Ranking."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Preprint, submitted Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Ye, Han, and Zhunchen Luo. "Deep Ranking Based Cost-Sensitive Multi-Label Learning for Distant Supervision Relation Extraction." Preprint, submitted July 25, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11521.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Book review published in a journal
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Review Article," review of Title of Book Being Reviewed, by BookAuthor, Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page/s, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title of Review Article," page/s.
Example
1. Jenni Sorkin, "Knit One Below, Purl Two Together: Plying the Politics of Seduction," review of Fray: Art and Textile Politics by Julie Bryan-Wilson, Art Journal 78, no. 1 (Spring 2019), https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2019.1598156.
2. Sorkin, "Knit."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Book Being Reviewed, by BookAuthor. Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Year): page range. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Sorkin, Jenni. "Knit One Below, Purl Two Together: Plying the Politics of Seduction." Review of Fray: Art and Textile Politics by Julie Bryan-Wilson. Art Journal 78, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 116-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2019.1598156.
Take note
- For a book review published elsewhere (not in a journal), use the format in the next section below, which has the same format as the Book Review example in the Chicago Manual of Style Citation Quick Guide Online.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Article," Name of Regular Section/Column if any, Newspaper Title, publication Month Day, Year, page/s if any, DOI/URL/Database Name.
Subsequent
2. LastName, "Shortened Title," page/s if any.
Example
1. Max Walden, "Malaysia Urges Citizens to Obey Australian Immigration Law After Report of 33,000 Asylum Claims," ABC News, September 2, 2019, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-02/33000-malaysians-sought-asylum-in-australia/11470480.
2. Walden, "Malaysia."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article." Newspaper Title, Publication Month Day, Year. DOI/URL/Database Name.
Example
Walden, Max. "Malaysia Urges Citizens to Obey Australian Immigration Law After Report of 33,000 Asylum Claims." ABC News, September 2, 2019. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-02/33000-malaysians-sought-asylum-in-australia/11470480.
Take note
- If a hardcopy/printed newspaper was consulted, there would be no DOI/URL/Database Name.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Regular Section/Column if any, Title of Magazine, publication Month Day, Year, cited page/s if any, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s if any.
Example
1. Henry Lydiate, "Afterlife of Photographs," Artlaw: Copyright, Art Monthly, May 2019, 44, ProQuest.
2. Lydiate, "Afterlife," 45.
3. Troy Patterson, "The Indelible Substance of a Semester with Toni Morrison," Page-Turner, New Yorker, August 7, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-indelible-substance-of-a-semester-with-toni-morrison.
4. Patterson, "A Semester with Toni Morrison."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Magazine, publication Month Day, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Lydiate, Henry. "Afterlife of Photographs." Art Monthly, May 2019. ProQuest.
Patterson, Troy. "The Indelible Substance of a Semester with Toni Morrison." New Yorker, August 7, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-indelible-substance-of-a-semester-with-toni-morrison.
Take note
- As with journal titles, drop any leading The in the magazine title, hence New Yorker instead of The New Yorker.
- Articles accessed online require DOI/URL/Database name; for articles from print magazines, omit this element.
- Weekly, monthly or bimonthly magazines are cited by date only even if volume and issue appear in the source.
- Article page range is not required in the bibliography entry.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Report, thesis, conference
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName or Organisation Name, Title of Publication, Document ID/Version number if any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, URL.
Subsequent
2. Author or Organisation Name, Title of Publication, page/s.
Example
1. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report (Canberra: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2019), 15-16, https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdf.
2. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Digital Platforms Inquiry, 208-14.
3. Australian Research Council, ARC Open Access Policy, Version 2017.1 (Canberra: Australian Research Council, 2017), https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/arc-open-access-policy.
4. Australian Research Council, Open Access Policy.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName or Organisational Name. Title of Publication. Document ID/Version number if any. City: Publisher, Year. URL.
Example
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report. Canberra: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2019. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdf.
Australian Research Council. ARC Open Access Policy. Version 2017.1. Canberra: Australian Research Council, 2017. https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/arc-open-access-policy.
Take note
- Use this format for non-legislative or non-legal types of government-published documents.
- For legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes, and Parliamentary papers, we recommend the use of a legal citation system such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th ed.
- Author can be a person (follow Chicago 17 author rules), a group of persons (e.g. a committee or named individuals), or a government department or agency, and may be the same entity as the publisher.
- Publisher refers to the government department or agency that published or commissioned the creation of the document.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName or Organisation Name, Title of Publication, Document ID/Version number if any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, URL.
Subsequent
2. Author or Organisation Name, Short Title, page/s.
Example
1. Artspace Mackay Foundation, Artspace Mackay Foundation Annual Report 2017-18 (Mackay, Australia: Artspace Mackay Foundation Ltd., 2018), http://www.artspacemackay.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/233112/foundation_report.pdf.
2. Artspace Mackay Foundation, Annual Report 2017-18.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName or Organisation Name. Title of Publication. Document ID/Version number if any. City: Publisher, Year. URL.
Example
Artspace Mackay Foundation. Artspace Mackay Foundation Annual Report 2017-18. Mackay, Australia: Artspace Mackay Foundation Ltd., 2018. http://www.artspacemackay.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/233112/foundation_report.pdf.
Take note
- Use this format for pamphlets, corporate reports, brochures and other freestanding publications, print or electronic.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName "Title: Subtitle if Any," in Proceedings Title, ed. EditorFirstName LastName (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title," page/s.
Example
1. Emilene Zitkus, "A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practices," in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design and Development Approaches and Methods, eds. M. Antona and C. Stephanidis (Cham: Springer, 2017), 135, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.
2. Zitkus, "Interactive Technologies," 136.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title: Subtitle if Any." In Proceedings Title, edited by EditorFirstName LastName, page range. City: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Zitkus, Emilene. "A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practice." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design and Development Approaches and Methods, edited by M. Antona and C. Stephanidis, 132-41. Cham: Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.
Take note
- Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. advises: "A paper included in the published proceedings of a meeting may be treated like a chapter in a book" [14.120]. "If published in a journal, it is treated as an article" [14.168-87].
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Thesis," (Master's thesis/PhD diss., University, Year), page/s, URL/Database Name.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Title of Thesis," page/s.
Example
1. Tristan D. Schultz, "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures," abstract (PhD diss., Griffith University, 2019), http:hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.
2. Schultz, "Decolonising Design."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Thesis." Master's thesis or PhD diss., University, Year. URL/Database Name.
Example
Schultz, Tristan D. "Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures," abstract. PhD diss., Griffith University, 2019. http://hld.handle.net/10072/386318.
Take note
- As shown in the example above, the word "abstract" is added right after the thesis title when citing only the abstract of a paper.
- For papers retrieved from the Web or an institutional repository, provide the URL. If from a commercial database, supply the database name and any identifying number enclosed in parentheses.
- URL is not required for theses consulted in print format.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Video, audio, music, performance
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. CreatorFirstName LastName, designation, Title of Video, published/released/accessed date, medium/format, duration, Database Name.
Subsequent
2. LastName, Shortened Title.
Example
1. Felipe de Ferrari M., producer, Verschuere, Adrien I, published January 1, 2019, video, 46:15, OnArchitecture.
2. Ferrari, Verschuere.
Bibliography list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName, designation. Title of Video. Published/accessed date in Month Day, Year. Format, duration. Database Name.
Example
De Ferrari M., Felipe, producer. Verschuere, Adrien I. Published October 16, 2018. Video, 46:15. OnArchitecture.
Take note
- Designation can be dir. (director) or producer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (e.g. edited by, written by).
- Duration means the duration of the entire file, in the same format as provided in the source which could be hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min.
- Use Accessed date if no published/released date is given - include the word "accessed".
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. "Title of Video," optional short description of content, Channel Name, PlatformName video, duration, publication Month Day, Year, optional contributor or additional content information, URL.
Subsequent
2. "Shortened Title."
Example
1. "Squirrel," short feature film, Alex Kavutskiy, Vimeo video, 16:24, July 23, 2019, written and directed by Alex Kavutskiy with performances by Max Jenkins and Andrea Rosen, https://vimeo.com/349748860.
2. "Squirrel."
3. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici," Carnegie Museum of Art (CMOA) chief conservator Ellen Baxter discusses the process, Carnegie Museum of Art, YouTube video, 7:18, November 26, 2014, filmed in conjunction with the exhibition Faked, Forgotten, Found: Five Renaissance Paintings Investigated held June 28 to September 15, 2014 at CMOA, Pittsburgh, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Channel Name. "Title of Video." Contributor information if known. Publication Month Day, Year. PlatformName video, duration. URL.
Example
Alex Kavutskiy. "Squirrel." Written and directed by Alex Kavutskiy with performances by Max Jenkins and Andrea Rosen. July 23, 2014. Vimeo video, 16:24. https://vimeo.com/349748860.
Carnegie Museum of Art. "Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de' Medici." Carnegie Museum of Art. November 26, 2014. YouTube video, 7:18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.
Take note
- Copy the Channel Name (or user account name) as shown in the source. In the example, "Alex Kavutskiy" is the Vimeo channel name hence it is not formatted like author LastName, FirstName in the bibliography list entry.
- Duration means the duration of the entire file, in the same format as provided in the source which could be hh:mm:ss. or xx hr., xx min.
- Extra information provided in the full note entry can be omitted in the bibliography list entry - as demonstrated in the YouTube video example above.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Video stream - Netflix, Foxtel, etc.
Note entries
Format
TV show
1. Series Title, season number, episode number, "Episode title," source type and major contributors information, aired/released Month Day, Year, on Streaming Platform.
2. "Shortened Episode Title."
Film
3. Film Title, major contributors information, aired/released Month Day, Year, on Streaming Platform.
4. Shortened Film Title.
Example
1. Barry, season 2, episode 2, "The Power of No," directed by Hiro Murai, written by Taofik Kolade, created by Alec Berg and Bill Hader, released April 9, 2019, on Foxtel.
2. Barry, "The Power of No."
3. A Star is Born, a film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper, released August 3, 2019, on Netflix.
4. A Star is Born.
Bibliography list entry
Format
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Other major contributors information. Released Month Day, Year, on Streaming Platform.
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Film Title. Other major contributors information. Released Month Day, Year, on Streaming Platform.
Example
Cooper, Bradley, prod. and dir. A Star is Born. With performances by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. Released August 3, 2019, on Netflix.
Murai, Hiro, dir. Barry. Season 2, episode 2, "The Power of No." Released April 9, 2019, on Foxtel.
Take note
- Major contributor designations include director (dir.), producer (prod.), writer, performer.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Video physical - DVD, Blu-ray, film
Note entries
Format
Entire series
1. Series Title, original release Year, contributor information (City: Distributor Name, Year), recording medium information.
2. Series Title.
Series episode
3. Series Title, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," contributor information, original release year (City: Distributor Name, Year), recording medium information.
4. Series Title, "Episode Title."
Film or video
5. Film/Video Title, creation year, contributor information, original release year (City: Distributor Name, Year), recording medium information.
6. Film/Video Title.
Example
1. V: Humankind's Last Stand (The Original Miniseries), 1983, directed and written by Kenneth Jackson (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros., 1983, newly released 2019), 1 disc, Blu-ray, 1080p HD.
2. V: Humankind's Last Stand.
3. Game of Thrones, season 7, episode 2, "Stormborn," directed by Mark Mylod, written by Bryan Cogman, 2017 (South Yarra: Roadshow Entertainment, 2017), Season 7, 1 disc, region 4 DVD.
4. Game of Thrones, "Stormborn."
5. Doodle Film, produced by Robert Verrall, directed by Donald Winkler, 1970 (Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1970), 11-min. film reel, 16 mm.
6. Doodle Film.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Entire series
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Series Title. Other contributor information. Original release year if applicable; City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.
Series episode
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Series Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Other contributor information. Original release year; City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.
Film or video
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Film/Video Title. Other contributor information if any. Original release year; City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.
Example
Jackson, Kenneth, dir. and writer. V: Humankind's Last Stand (The Original Miniseries). 1983; Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros., 2019. 1 disc, Blu-ray 1080p HD.
Mylod, Mark, dir. Game of Thrones. Season 7, episode 2, "Stormborn." Written by Bryan Cogman. 2017; South Yarra: Roadshow Entertainment, 2017. 1 disc, region 4 DVD.
Verrall, Robert, prod. Doodle Film. Directed by Donald Winkler. 1970; Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1970. 11-min. film reel, 16 mm.
Take note
- Contributor designations include director (dir.), producer (prod.), writer, performer, host, presenter, etc.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Broadcast media - TV, radio program
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Show Title, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," relevant content and other contributor information, aired Month Day, Year, on Broadcaster Name, Country.
Subsequent
2. Show Title, "Episode Title."
Example
1. Kath & Kim, season 4, episode 4, "Environment," directed by Ted Emery, written by and with performances by Gina Riley and Jane Turner, Riley Turner Productions, aired September 9, 2007, on ABC TV, Australia.
2. Kath & Kim, "Environment."
Bibliography list entry
Format
ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Show Title. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Other major contributor information. Production Company. Aired Month Day, Year, on Broadcaster Name, Country.
Example
Emery, Ted, dir. Kath & Kim. Season 4, episode 4, "Environment." Riley Turner Productions. Aired September 9, 2007, on ABC TV, Australia.
Take note
- Major contributor designations include director (dir.), producer (prod.), writer, host, reporter, etc.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
Audiobook
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Title of Audiobook, read by FirstName LastName, City: Publisher, Year. App Name ed., duration.
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Podcast via app
3. Podcast Title, episode number, "Episode Title," produced by FirstName LastName, aired Month Day, Year, App Name, ed., duration.
4. "Episode Title."
Example
1. Scott Pape, The Barefoot Investor, read by Scott Pape, Milton, Qld.: Wiley, 2017, Audible audio ed., 6 hr., 29 min.
2. Pape, Barefoot Investor.
3. 99% Invisible, episode 365, "On Beeing," produced by Roman Mars, aired August 7, 2019, Apple Podcasts ed., 24:52.
4. "On Beeing."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Audiobook
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of Audiobook. Read by FirstName LastName. City: Publisher, Year. App Name ed., duration.
Podcast via app
ProducerFirstName LastName. Podcast Title, Episode number, "Episode Title." Aired Month Day, Year. App Name ed., duration.
Example
Mars, Roman. 99% Invisible. Episode 365, "On Beeing." Aired August 7, 2019. Apple Podcasts ed., 24:52.
Pape, Scott. The Barefoot Investor. Read by Scott Pape. Milton, Qld.: Wiley, 2017. Audible audio ed., 6 hr., 29 min.
Take note
- Duration means the duration of the entire file, in the same format as provided in the source, which could be hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min.
- For audio streamed within a website, use the format in for Website Content - Multimedia in Website, social media, software.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. CreatorFirstName LastName, Title of Audio Recording, performed by FirstName LastName, performance/event Month Day, Year, Recording Company/Label if available, recording medium information.
Subsequent
2. LastName, "Title of Audio Recording."
Example
1. Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, performed by Dylan Thomas et al., Caedmon TC-2005, 1953, 33 1/3 rpm, 2 LPs.
2. Thomas, Under Milk Wood.
3. Edward Duke of Windsor, "Abdication Speech," spoken by the Duke of Windsor following his abdication of the throne as King Edward VIII, 1936, 78 rpm, 12 in. 1 disc.
4. Edward Duke of Windsor, "Abdication Speech."
Bibliography list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName. Title of Audio Recording. Performed by FirstName LastName. Recording Company/Label if available, Year. Recording medium information.
Example
Thomas, Dylan. Under Milk Wood. Performed by Dylan Thomas. Caedmon TC-2005, New York, 1953, 33 1/3 rpm, 2 LPs.
Windsor, Edward Duke of. "Abdication Speech." Spoken by Edward Duke of Windsor. 1936. 78 rpm, 12 in., 1 disc.
Take note
- Chicago 17 Manual, 14.263, states that titles of books, albums/soundtracks should be in italics, but titles of speeches, lectures, individual songs from an album/soundtrack, or poems/stories from a book or bigger publication are enclosed in double quotation marks.
- Date can be the date of recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording.
- The publisher's name is immediately followed by acquisition numbers if provided in the source.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Title of Performance, contributor information, Name of Venue, City, performance date in Month Day, Year.
Subsequent
2. Title of Performance.
Example
In-text
The author's visual, auditory and emotional experience of the Broadway musical Hamilton1 was amplified by the presence and palpable response of fellow audience members.
1. Hamilton, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, dir. Thomas Kail, chor. Andy Blakenbuehler, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, July 3, 2017.
2. Hamilton.
Bibliography list entry
Take note
- A bibliography list entry is not required.
- The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. advises that when citing a live performance, it is "generally sufficient to mention details in the text or in the notes rather than in a bibliography" (p. 873).
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Review Article," review of Title of Item Being Reviewed, written/produced/performed by ItemAuthor/Producer/Performer, pertinent details about the material, Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year, URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Ian Sandwell, "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Review: A Sprawling and Indulgent Ode to a Golden Age," review of Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, a film directed by Quentin Tarantino, Digital Spy, August 8, 2019, https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a28536552/once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-review-quentin-tarantino/.
2. Sandwell, "Once Upon a Time."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Item Being Reviewed, written/produced/performed by ItemAuthor/Producer/Performer. Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year. URL/Database.
Example
Sandwell, Ian. "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Review: A Sprawling and Indulgent Ode to a Golden Age." Review of Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, a film directed by Quentin Tarantino. Digital Spy, August 8, 2019. https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a28536552/once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-review-quentin-tarantino/.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Image, table, data, statistics
Image - Illustration, photo or table from a book, article, or webpage
Caption
Example
Figure 1. Château de Chenonceau over the River Cher in France. Photo by DeAgostini and courtesy of Getty Images. (Photo reproduced from Katherine McGrath, "50 Iconic Buildings Around the World You Need to See Before You Die," Architectural Digest, September 7, 2017, https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/most-iconic-buildings-around-the-world.)
Rules
Provide a caption immediately below the image. There is no set format for captions, but they can include:
- figure or table number
- creator name
- the title (in italics and in Headline Case) or a brief description
- publication year (if available)
- a credit line acknowledging the creator and/or source (surrounded by parentheses).
Notes on captions are from sections 3.21-3.24 and 3.27-3.37 of the Chicago 17th style manual.
Take note
- Only the word Figure can be shortened to Fig. All other forms of presentation are spelled out: table, photograph, plate, drawing, graph, map, chart.
- Spatial indicators such as top, bottom, left, right are formatted in italics.
- If the image is discussed in detail in the text, refer to the image by the figure or table number, then cite sources and provide note entries as necessary.
Credit line
Credit lines can depend on copyright permissions. Common examples are:
- Adapted from Author/Creator Name (Year, figure number).
- Reprinted from Author/Publisher Name (Year, figure number).
- Illustration by Creator Name for Author Name, Title (City: Publisher, Year), page number, URL or Database Name.
- Reproduced from Author Name, Title (City: Publisher, Year), page number, URL or Database Name
- Photograph/Illustration/Table courtesy of Creator or Publisher.
- Photo by author. This is for photos taken by yourself.
Note entries
Format
Image from an online magazine article example:
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any," Title of Regular Section/Column if any, Title of Magazine, publication Month day, year, cited page or item, DOI/URL/Database.
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
Image from an online magazine article example:
1. Katherine McGrath, "50 Iconic Buildings Around the World You Need to See Before You Die," Architectural Digest, September 7, 2017, photo of Château de Chenonceau, https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/most-iconic-buildings-around-the-world.
2. McGrath, "50 Iconic Buildings."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Image from an online magazine article example:
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of the Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of the Magazine, publication Month day, year. DOI / URL /Database.
Example
McGrath, Katherine. "50 Iconic Buildings Around the World You Need to See Before You Die." Architectural Digest, September 7, 2017. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/most-iconic-buildings-around-the-world.
Take note
- Images that are mentioned only briefly in the text may not require a note entry and are usually listed in a List of Illustrations rather than in the bibliography.
- A bibliography list entry example is shown here in case it is required for your assignment.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Caption
Example
Figure 1. Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931. Oil on canvas, 24.1cm x 33cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Image from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.
Rules
The caption consists of:
- a figure number
- the artist's name
- artwork title (in italics and in Headline Case)
- artwork date
- medium
- dimensions (if relevant)
- collection name (if relevant)
- name and location of the institution that houses the artwork.
Notes on captions are from sections 3.21-3.24 and 3.27-3.37 of the Chicago 17th style manual.
Take note
- The word Figure can be shortened to Fig.
- Spatial indicators such as top, bottom, left, right are formatted in italics.
- If several artworks are discussed in the text, refer to the image by its figure number, then cite the content of discussion as necessary.
- Images that are mentioned only briefly in the text may not require a note entry and are usually listed in a List of Illustrations rather than in the bibliography.
- When citing artwork you viewed in person, provide in the text the name of the artist and of the artwork, description, when viewed and where. If discussed in detail, include an image and cite as advised above.
Credit line
Credit lines can depend on copyright permissions. Examples include:
- Reprinted by permission of the publisher. (If you gained permission)
- Courtesy of the Queensland Art Gallery.
- Photo by author. (If you are the creator)
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. ArtistFirstName LastName, Title of Work of Art, CreationYear, medium and other relevant information about the artwork, Location, URL.
Subsequent
2. ArtistLastName, Artwork Title.
Example
A painting example:
1. Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, oil on canvas, 24.1 cm x 33 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York, https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.
2. Dali, Persistence of Memory.
An art installation example:
3. Fiona Hall, Give a Dog a Bone, 2008, art installation, soap, type C photograph and found objects, dimensions variable, Museum of Contemporary Art Australian, https://www.mca.com.au/artists-works/works/1997.18A-YYYY/.
4. Hall, Give a Dog a Bone.
Bibliography list entry
Format
ArtistLastName, FirstName. Artwork Title. CreationYear. Medium, dimensions. Art Museum or Art Gallery Name. URL.
Example
Dali, Salvador. The Persistence of Memory. Oil on canvas, 24.1 cm x 33 cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.
Hall, Fiona. Give a Dog a Bone. 2008. Art installation, soap, type C photograph and found objects, dimensions variable. Museum of Contemporary Art Australia. https://www.mca.com.au/artists-works/works/1997.18A-YYYY/.
Take note
- If several images are discussed, they may be listed in a List of Illustrations or List of Images, rather than in the bibliography.
- A bibliography list entry example is shown below should you need to provide it; however as mentioned above, directions from your instructors or course convenors override these guidelines.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. FirstName LastName, cartographer, Map Title or Description, Creation Year, scale, dimensions, in Publication Title (City: Publisher, Year) or Location information, fig. number, URL.
Subsequent
2. LastName, Shortened Map Title.
Example
1. Norman B. Tindale, cartographer, map showing the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia, 1940, 1:6,336,000 scale, 64 x 76 cm, call number MAP G8961.E1 1940, National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230054338/view.
2. Tindale, map of Aboriginal tribes distribution.
3. Maris Pacifici quod vulgo Mar del Zur, map, 1595, 55.9 x 43.1 x .1 cm, National Museum of Australia, Canberra, http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/131792.
4. Maris Pacifici.
Bibliography list entry
Format
LastName, FirstName, cartographer. Map Title or Description. Creation Year. Scale, dimensions. In Publication Title. City: Publisher, Year or Location. URL.
Example
Maris Pacifici quod vulgo Mar del Zur. Map. 1959. 55.9 x 43.1 x .1 cm. National Museum of Australia, Canberra. http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/131792.
Tindale, Norman B., cartographer. Map depicting the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia, 1940. 1:6,336,000 scale, 64 x 76 cm. National Library of Australia, Call Number MAP G8961.E1 1940. http:nla.gov.au/nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230054338/view.
Take note
- If the cartographer is unknown, the Map Title or a description is the first element
- If the map is within a larger publication, provide the Publication Title, City: Publisher, Year; otherwise, include where the map is housed.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName or Corporate Author, Catalogue Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI/URL/Database if online.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title, page/s.
Example
1. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australian Etchings & Engravings 1880s - 1930s: From the Gallery's Collection (Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2007), 3, https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.
2. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australian Etchings & Engravings, 8-9.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName or Corporate Author. Catalogue Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name, Year. DOI/URL/Database if online.
Example
Art Gallery of New South Wales. Australian Etchings & Engravings: From the Gallery's Collection. Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2007. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.
Take note
- An exhibition catalogue is formatted like an ebook/book either with named or corporate author.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Review Article," review of Title of Art Exhibition, an art exhibition curated by Name of Art Gallery/Museum, Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year, URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Nico Wheadon, "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy," review of Radical Love, an exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery, Artnet News, July 31, 2019, https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.
2. Wheadon, "With 'Radical Love'."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Art Exhibition, an art exhibition curated by Name of Art Gallery/Museum. Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year. URL/Database.
Example
Wheadon, Nico. "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy." Review of Radical Love, an exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery. Artnet News, July 31, 2019. https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Organisation Name, Full Title of Document, Catalogue/Record number, publication date in Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. Organisation Name, Shortened Document Title.
Example
1. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Research and Experimental Development, Higher Education Organisations, Australia, last updated May 22, 2018, https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016.
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Research and Experimental Development.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Organisation Name. Full Title of Document. Catalogue/Record Number. Publication Date. URL.
Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Research and Experimental Development, Higher Education Organizations, Australia 2016. Cat. no. 8111.0. Last updated May 22, 2018. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@nsf/mf/8111.0.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Dataset Creator/Author, Title of Dataset, reference number if any, date coverage, dataset (Publisher/Provider, created/published/updated date in Month Day, Year), DOI/URL.
Subsequent
2. Dataset Creator/Author, Shortened Dataset Title.
Example
1. City of Gold Coast, Gold Coast Bus Shelters, dataset (Australian Government, Digital Transformation Agency, updated October 2, 2018), https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/be880d63-175a-4383-b0f2-ef88b831eba9.
2. City of Gold Coast, Bus Shelters.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Dataset Creator/Author. Title of Dataset, reference number if any, date coverage, dataset. Publication/Updated date in Month Day, Year. DOI/URL.
Example
City of Gold Coast. Gold Coast Bus Shelters, dataset. Australian Government, Digital Transformation Agency. Updated October 2, 2018. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/be880d63-175a-4383-b0f2-ef88b831eba9.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Website, social media, software, AI
Note entries
- Use this format when citing web page content not described elsewhere in this guide for example: blog, multimedia, news article, government publication have their own formats.
Format
No author
1. "Title of Webpage," Website Name/Owner/Publisher, published/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year, URL.
2. "Short Webpage Title."
Author
1. FirstName LastName, "Title of Webpage," Website Name, Owner/Publisher, published/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year, URL.
2. LastName, "Short Webpage Title."
Example
1. "Adding Data," Help Center, IMDb, accessed August 10, 2019, https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.
2. "Adding Data."
3. Mads Soegaard, "Hick's Law: Making the Choice Easier for Users," Interaction Design Foundation, August 18, 2019, https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/hick-s-law-making-the-choice-easier-for-users.
4. Soegaard, "Hick's Law."
Bibliography list entry
Format
No author
Owner/Publisher. "Webpage Title." Website Name. Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Author
LastName, FirstName. "Webpage Title." Website Name, Owner/Publisher. Published/LastModified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
IMDb. "Adding Data." Help Center. Accessed August 10, 2019. https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.
Soegaard, Mads. "Hick's Law: Making the Choice Easier for Users." Interaction Design Foundation. August 18, 2019. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/hick-s-law-making-the-choice-easier-for-users.
Take note
- If no authors are named, the webpage title comes first in the notes entry, but in the bibliography the website owner/publisher is the first element.
- If there is no date of publication, use Last modified or Last updated date if given; otherwise the date you accessed the information.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
- Use for standalone or published documents downloadable from a website.
Format
First citation
1. Author/Organisation Name, Title of Document, Website Name, Publisher Name, Published/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title.
Example
1. Justine Romanis, National STEM Strategy 2019-2023, Engineers Australia, last modified May 16, 2019, https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/resource-centre/resource/ea-stem-strategy-2019-2023.
2. Romanis, STEM Strategy.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Author/Organisation Name. Title of Document. Website Name, Publisher Name. Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Romanis, Justine. National STEM Strategy 2019-2013. Engineers Australia. Last modified May 15, 2019. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/resource-centre/resource/ea-stem-strategy-2019-2023.
Take note
- The author may or may not be the same as the publisher of the document, and at times the website name is different to the name of the publisher of the document. In the example above, the website name and the publisher of the document are one and the same.
- Some websites allow documents that were originally published by other entities to be available on their site which means the website and publisher names will be different.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
- Use this format for general websites/webpages with embedded video, animation or audio, either streaming or downloadable.
Format
First citation
1. ContributorFirstName LastName, "Title of Multimedia Content," Additional information if relevant, type of multimedia, duration if relevant, published or accessed date in Month Day, Year, file format if downloadable, URL.
Subsequent
2. LastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
Embedded video stream
1. Margaret Heffernan, "The Human Skills We Need in an Unpredictable World," a TEDSummit2019 presentation held July 2019, video, 15:46, accessed August 20, 2019, https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_the_human_skills_we_need_in_an_unpredictable_world.
2. Heffernan, "Human Skills."
Embedded audio stream
3. Cassidy Zachary and April Callahan, "Exhibiting Heavenly Bodies: An Interview with Fashion Conservator Sarah Scaturro, Part I," a Dressed: The History of Fashion podcast episode, 1:03:40, September 25, 2018, https://www.dressedpodcast.com/podcasts/exhibiting-heavenly-bodies-an-interview-with-fashion-conservator-sarah-scaturro-part-i.htm.
4. Zachary and Callahan, "Conservator Sarah Scaturro."
Bibliography list entry
Format
ContributorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Multimedia Content." Additional relevant information. Published/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. Media type or Format, duration. URL.
Example
Heffernan, Margaret. "The Human Skills We Need in an Unpredictable World." A TEDSummit2019 presentation held July 2019. Video, 15:46. Accessed August 20, 2019. https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_the_human_skills_we_need_in_an_unpredictable_world#t-941553.
Zachary, Cassidy, and April Callahan. "Exhibiting Heavenly Bodies: An Interview with Fashion Conservator Sarah Scaturro, Part I." A Dressed: The History of Fashion podcast episode. Audio, 1:03:40. September 25, 2018. https://www.dressedpodcast.com/podcasts/exhibiting-heavenly-bodies-an-interview-with-fashion-conservator-sarah-scaturro-part-i.htm.
Take note
- Regarding the Additional information element: Include only what is important for your readers to know; it could be content type (animation, movie trailer, interview, interactive quiz etc.), filming date and location, or names of other contributors (director, producer, writer, performer etc.), or an aspect that needs highlighting within the citation.
- Duration means the duration of the entire file, in the same format as provided in the source which could be hh:mm:ss. or xx hr., xx min.
- Include file format only for downloadable files, e.g. MP3, WAV, MP4, MPEG, AVI, EXE, MIDI, EPUB, MOBI PPTX, SVG, etc.
- For videos streamed on video sharing platforms, accessed from databases, or recorded on physical media (DVD, CD), see the Audiovisual set in this guide.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
Blog post
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Blog Post Title," Blog Name (blog), Parent Publication if any, date in Month Day, Year, URL.
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Blog Post Title."
Whole blog
3. Blog Name (blog), Parent Publication, date in Month Day, Year, URL.
4. Blog Name.
Blog comment
5. Commenter's Name, comment Month Day, Year, comment on BloggerLastName, "BlogPost Short Title," URL.
Example
1. Allison S. Gremillion, "Colors and Emotions: How Colors Make You Feel," 99designs (blog), accessed August 31, 2019, https://99designs.com.au/blog/tips/how-color-impacts-emotions-and-behaviors/.
2. Gremillion, "Colors and Emotions."
3. 99designs (blog), accessed August 30, 2019, https://99designs.com.au/blog/.
4. 99designs.
5. Ann, (ca. 2015) accessed August 31, 2019, comment on Gremillion, "Colors and Emotions: How Colors Make You Feel," https://99designs.com.au/blog/tips/how-color-impacts-emotions-and-behaviors/#comment-3841.
Take note
- A blog is series of articles (blog posts) on a website in which the writer/s (blogger/s) regularly share information and opinions on a topic.
- In the format and examples above, a "parent publication" refers to a larger publication which has its own series of blogs (e.g. The New Yorker, The New York Times).
Bibliography list entry
Format
Blog post
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Blog Post Title." Blog Name (blog). Parent Publication if any, date in Month Day, Year. URL.
Whole blog
Blog Name (blog). Parent Publication if any. URL.
Example
99designs (blog). https://99designs.com.au/blog/.
Gremillion, Allison S. "Colors and Emotions: How Colors Make You Feel." 99designs (blog). Accessed August 31, 2019. https://99designs.com.au/blog/tips/how-color-impacts-emotions-and-behaviors/#comment-3841.
Take note
- A blog comment is not listed in the bibliography, but the related blog post (the one commented on) should be listed.
- Date refers to the stated publication date, or the last modified date (if available), otherwise the accessed date.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Author (username), "Title of Post or Quote up to the first 160 characters of the post," Platform/Type of Post, Month Day, Year, time stamp if relevant, URL.
Subsequent
2. Author, "Short Title."
Example
1. BBC News (UK) (@BBCNews), "Greta Thunberg departs Plymouth, onboard the Malizia II, a solar-powered racing yacht, bound for a climate conference in New York," Twitter, August 14, 2019, 7:04 a.m., https://twitter.com/BBCNews/status/1161639849012559874.
2. BBC News (UK), "Greta Thunberg."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Author (username). "Title of Post or Quote up to the first 160 characters of the post." Platform/Type of Post, Month Day, Year, time stamp if relevant. URL.
Example
BBC News (UK) (@BBCNews). "Greta Thunberg departs Plymouth, onboard the Malizia II, a solar-powered racing yacht, bound for a climate conference in New York." Twitter, August 14, 2019, 7:04 a.m. https://twitter.com/BBCNews/status/1161639849012559874.
Take note
- Author: List the real name if known, followed by username in parentheses. If only the username is known, it takes the place of author name.
- When quoting a post, copy the capitalisation and punctuation in the original. You can choose to mention the quoted in the text instead of in the note entry.
- The type of post can be followed by a description (e.g. photo, video) if relevant.
- Time stamp can be included if needed to differentiate multiple posts published the same day.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Software, app or interactive media
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Software/App Name, device edition, version number (Creator/Developer/Publisher, Year), Operating System Version, additional information e.g. adapted from, soundtrack by.
Subsequent
2. Software/App Name.
Example
1. Candy Crush Saga, iPhone ed., v. 1.155.0.3 (King, 2019), iOS 12.3 or later, first released on iOS April 12, 2012.
2. Candy Crush Saga.
3. SPSS, v. 25.0 (IBM Corporation, 2017), Windows 7 or later.
4. SPSS.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Creator/Developer Name. Software/App Name. Version number. Publisher Name, Year. Operating System version. Additional information relevant to context of citation.
Example
IBM Corporation. SPSS. V. 25.0. IBM Corporation, 2017. Windows 7 or later.
King. Candy Crush Saga. V. 1.155.0.3. King, 2019. iOS 12.3 or later. First released on iOS April 12, 2012.
Notes entries
Format
First citation
1. Software name, additional information, Month Day, Year, Publisher, URL.
Subsequent
2. Software name.
Example
1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” March 7, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com/chat.
2. ChatGPT.
Notes
- Check the details of your assessment and/or course to determine if you are permitted to use generative artificial intelligence tools to complete your assessment.
- Describe how you have used the AI tool in your work, details can be provided in running text or in the footnote (additional information field).
- Do not include a bibliography entry.
- Use the home page of the software for the URL source.
Legal, standard, unpublished
Rule
- When citing legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes and parliamentary papers, Chicago 17th recommends the use of a legal citation style.
- The Australian Guide to Legal Citation, 4th ed. (AGLC4) is the standard for citing Australian legal sources.
- The examples below are formatted in AGLC4.
- Legal citations can be included in a paper that uses mainly Chicago 17 Notes and Bibliography style.
Note entries
Format
Case
1. CaseName (Year) Volume LawReportSeries StartPage Pinpoint.
Act
2. Title Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint.
Examples
Case
1. R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1, 7.
Act
2. Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 (Cth) s 8.
Bibliography list entry
Example
(Formatted in AGLC4 style):
Health and Wellbeing Queensland Bill 2019 (Qld)
Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 (Cth)
Take note
- In AGLC4 style bibliography entries do not end with a period.
- Confirm with your course convenor whether to include legal documents in the bibliography, or if a separate bibliography list of legal references is required.
- In the bibliography, alphabetise Acts and Cases by the first word of the title excluding 'the'. For formatting other types of legal documents refer to AGLC4.
- Directions from instructors and course convenors override these guidelines.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Name of Standard, Edition or Identification Number (Publisher, published Month Day, Year), URL.
Subsequent
2. Standard Name.
Example
1. Geographic Information - Reference Model - Imagery, AS/NZS ISO 19101.2:2019 (Australian/New Zealand Standard, published May 29, 2019), https://www.saiglobal.com.
2. Geographic Information.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Standards Body/Organisation. Name of Standard, Edition or Identification Number. Published Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Australian/New Zealand Standard. Geographic Information - Reference Model - Imagery, ISO 19101.2:2019. Published May 29, 2019. https://www.saiglobal.com.
Take note
- If the resource can only be accessed with an account login, provided the web address of the publisher's homepage.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. Creator1FirstName LastName, Creator2FirstName LastName, and Creator3FirstName LastName, Title of Patent, Number/Identifier, filed Month Day, Year, URL.
Subsequent
2. Creator1Lastname, Creator2LastName, and Creator3LastName, Shortened Patent Title.
Example
1. Ian Kinloch, Robert Young, and Lei Gong, Graphene Composites, Australian application number 2016222482, filed September 2, 2016, http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016222482.
2. Kinloch, Young, and Gong, Graphene Composites.
Bibliography list entry
Format
CreatorLastName, FirstName, and Creator2FirstName LastName. Title of Patent. Patent Number/Identifier, filed Month Day, Year. URL.
Example
Kinloch, Ian, Robert Young, and Lei Gong. Graphene Composites. Australian application number 2016222482, filed September 2, 2016. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016222482.
Take note
- Title of patent is not italicised.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Notes entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Title of Course Lecture, recording platform if relevant, course lecture, lecture date in Month Day, Year (City: Publisher/University Name, Year recorded), URL.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title.
Example
1. Lorraine Marshalsey, 1537QCA_3185_GC - Lecture - G03 2.10, Echo360 recording, course lecture, July 10, 2018 (Gold Coast, Australia: Griffith University, 2018), https://learning.griffith.edu.au/.
2. Marshalsey, 1537QCA - Lecture.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of Course Material. Recording platform if relevant, course lecture, lecture date in Month Day, Year. City: Publisher/University Name, Year recorded. URL.
Example
Marshalsey, Lorraine. 1537QCA_3185_GC - Lecture - G03 2.10. Echo360 recording, course lecture, July 10, 2018. Gold Coast, Australia: Griffith University, 2018. https://learning.griffith.edu.au/.
Take note
- If the source is accessible only to authorised account holders, include a general URL of the site.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Archive material from the National Archives of Australia
Note entries
- There is no shortened form for the subsequent citation for NAA material.
Format
First citation
1. NAA: Series Number, Control Symbol.
Subsequent
2. NAA: Series Number, Control Symbol.
Example
1. NAA: J3088, QPT296.
2. NAA: J3088, QPT296.
Bibliography list entry
Format
Institution Name: Name of Agency Creator of Record: Series Number, Series Title, Series Date Range; Control Symbol, Item Title, Item Date Range. URL.
Example
National Archives of Australia: Australian Postal Corporation, State Office, Queensland; J3088, Post and Telegraph (Qld), ca 1846 - ca 1992; QPT296, Tramway Mail, 1899-1969. http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/search/.
Take note
- The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. recommends using the style provided (if any) by the archival institution.
- When citing material in the National Archives of Australia (NAA), refer to Citing Archival Records - Fact Sheet 7 regarding recommended citation elements and abbreviations.
Archive material other than from the National Archives of Australia
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. FirstName LastName, designation, "Title of Archive Material," ID or Record number, Media type/Description, Name of Institution, City, Country, URL.
Subsequent
2. LastName, "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Maggie Miles and Robert Connolly, prods., "The Turning: [Original Release]," 1187312, film, National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra, Australia, http://colsearch.nfsa.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A1187312;rec=0;resCount=10.
2. Miles and Connolly, "The Turning."
Bibliography list entry
Format
LastName, FirstName, designation. "Name of Archive Material." Item number. Media type/Description. Name of Institution, City, State/Country. URL.
Example
Miles, Maggie, and Robert Connolly, prods. "The Turning: [Original Release]." 1187312. Film. National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra, Australia. http://colsearch.nfsa.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A1187312;rec=0;resCount=10.
Take note
- The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. recommends using the style provided (if any) by the archival institution. If no specific style is recommended, use the general format in the examples.
- If no name of creators are available, begin with the Name of the Archive Collection if provided, otherwise the Name of Institution.
- General description can include Papers, Photograph, Sound Recording, etc.
- Major contributor designations include director (dir.), producer (prod.), writer, performer, etc.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
In-text
Example
Alain Gabriel explained to the author the nature of the solution.
1. Alain Gabriel (Director of AG ArchDesigns), email message to author, August 26, 2018.
- Emails, letters, content of unrecorded conversations, interviews or lectures, direct texts, social media messages and similar unpublished material provide name of source, brief description of source, date and other pertinent information as necessary in the text or in a note.
Notes entries
Format
First citation
1. FirstName LastName of information provider, source description, Month day, Year.
Subsequent
2. LastName, source description.
Example
1. Alain Gabriel (Director of AG ArchDesigns), email message to author, August 26, 2018.
2. Gabriel, email to author.
Bibliography list entry
Take note
A bibliography entry is not required for personal correspondence.
Unpublished - Book under contract with title but no publication date
Notes entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any, City: Publishing Company, forthcoming.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, Shortened Title.
Example
1. Jane Smith, Bioethics: Wicked Problems in Emerging Technologies, Brisbane: Chimerical Publications, forthcoming.
2. Smith, Bioethics.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name, forthcoming.
Example
Smith, Jane. Bioethics: Wicked Problems in Emerging Technologies. Brisbane: Chimerical Publications, forthcoming.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, "Title of Manuscript," (unpublished manuscript, last saved/last modified Month Day, Year), file type.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Title of Manuscript."
Example
1. Fiona Mann, "Instruments of Nuance Expression in Nonfigurative Art," (unpublished manuscript, last saved August 11, 2019), Microsoft Word file.
2. Mann, "Instruments of Nuance."
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Manuscript." Unpublished manuscript, last saved/last modified Month Day, Year. File type.
Example
Mann, Fiona. "Instruments of Nuance Expression in Nonfigurative Art." Unpublished manuscript, last saved August 11, 2019. Microsoft Word file.
| Authors | Notes entries | Bibliography list entry |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| Simpson, Anna. Book Title ... |
| 2 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Huber. Book Title ... |
| 3 |
| The lead author's name only is inverted: Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 4 -10 |
| List all the authors with only the lead author's name inverted: Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
| 11+ |
| List up to 7 authors followed by et al. and only the lead author's name inverted: Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. "Article Title." Journal Title ... |
Style rules
Rule
- Insert the reference number at the point in the text where you have paraphrased or directly quoted from a source -- often but not necessarily at the end of a sentence.
Example
This sentence shows two superscript numbers to indicate acknowledgement of an idea from one source,1 and of another from a different source.2 An exception to the rule of placing the reference number after a punctuation mark is the dash or hyphen: the superscript should be placed before the dash or hyphen, like this3—note that there is no space between the superscript and the dash. The superscripts then correspond to numbered footnotes at the bottom of the page or endnotes at the end of the entire text depending on which type of notes you are required to use.
Learn how to insert footnotes and endnotes in Word for Office 365, Word 2019/2016/2013/2010/2007.
Multiple references in one citation
Rules
- A note entry can contain more than one citation separated by a semi-colon.
- In the sentence insert only one reference number as normal like this.2 Never insert multiple reference numbers like this.3, 4
- In the note entry, order the citations in the same order that they are mentioned in the sentence, however, if they were not mentioned in the text, order them alphabetically by the lead author's last name,
- If the sources were authored by the same person, order them chronologically by publication year from earliest to oldest.
- Two journal articles are used as examples below. Sources already cited in full previously can be cited subsequently in shortened notes format. As shown in the example, Costello and Johnstone are cited fully in note 1, then individually cited subsequently in short note format in notes 2 and 3.
Note entries
Format
First citation
1. AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI/URL/Database; AuthorFirstName LastName, Book Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI/URL/Database.
Subsequent
2. AuthorLastName, "Shortened Article Title," page/s.
Example
1. Diarmud Costello, "The Question Concerning Photography," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 70, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/42635860; Fiona Johnstone, "Mark Morrisroe's Self-Portraits and Jacques Derrida's 'Ruin'," Third Text 25, no. 6 (2011): 804-06, https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2011.624353.
2. Johnstone, "Mark Morrisroe," 807.
3. Costello, "The Question," 107.
Bibliography list entry
Format
AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Title of Journal: Subtitle if Any volume number, no. issue number (Year): page range. DOI/URL/Database.
Example
Costello, Diarmud. "The Question Concerning Photography." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 70, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 101-13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42635860.
Johnstone, Fiona. "Mark Morrisroe's Self-Portraits and Jacques Derrida's 'Ruin'." Third Text 25, no. 6 (2011): 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2011.624353.
Multiple works by the same author published in the same year
Rule
Note entry
- Format the citation as normal according to source type (book, journal article, webpage, etc.).
Bibliography list entry
- List works by the same author alphabetically by title, disregarding any leading A, An or The. For journal articles, this means title of the article rather than the journal.
- The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. does not recommend using the 3-em dash when listing repeated author names consecutively (section 14.67). Simply type the authors' names as usual.
- Directions from your instructors or course convenors override these guidelines.
Note entries
Format
Print book example
1. OriginalAuthorFirstName LastName, Title of Original Source (City: Publisher, Year) quoted in SecondaryAuthorFirstName LastName, Title of Secondary Source (City: Publisher, Year), page/s.
Example
1. Howard Gardner, Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Ghandi (New York: Basic Books, 1993) quoted in John Biggs and Catherine Tang, Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does, 3rd ed. (Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2007), 121.
Take note
- The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. discourages citing a source from a secondary source ("quoted in..."). As author of your paper, you are expected to have read all sources cited in your work. Read and cite the original work as much as possible.
- If an original source is not available (e.g. no longer in print or cannot be obtained by regular means), both the original and the secondary source must be mentioned in the note entry and listed in the bibliography, as shown in the examples below.
- Format the citations as appropriate for the source type (book, journal article, report, etc.).
Bibliography list entry
Format
Use appropriate format for a print book - refer to Book > Book - electronic.
Example
Biggs, John, and Catherine Tang. Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does, 3rd ed. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2007.
Gardner, Howard. Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Ghandi. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
Take note
- List both the original source and the secondary source in the bibliography.
Note entries
Format
Electronic book
1. Title: Subtitle if Any (City: Publisher, Year), page/s, DOI/URL/Database.
2. Shortened Title, page/s.
Website
3. "Webpage Title," WebsiteName/Publisher, Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year, URL.
4. "Shortened Title."
Example
1. Annual Register, or a View of History, Politics, and Literature, of the Year 1808 (London: W. Otridge & Son et al., 1809), 20, ProQuest Ebook Central.
2. Annual Register, 21.
3. "Environmental Impacts," Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority, accessed July 31, 2019, https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/waste-pollution/plastic-bag-ban/environmental-impacts.
4. "Environmental Impacts."
Bibliography list entry
Format
Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL/Database.
"Webpage Title." WebsiteName/Publisher. Publication/Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL
Example
Annual Register, or a View of History, Politics, and Literature, of the Year 1808. London: W. Otridge & Son et al., 1809. ProQuest Ebook Central.
"Environmental Impacts." Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority, accessed July 31, 2019. https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/waste-pollution/plastic-bag-ban/environmental-impacts.
Take note
- The note or bibliography entry begins with the title if the author or editor is unknown.
- Ignore any leading A, An or The in the title when alphabetising in the bibliography list,
- If the author is explicitly named as Anonymous then cite Anonymous as the author name.
Rule
- For electronic works, you can use 'Accessed date' if the publication or 'Last modified' date is unknown.
- For printed works, the abbreviation n.d. (no date) takes the place of the year in the publication details.
- An estimated date, in square brackets, or preceded by ca. (circa) may be provided.
Examples
Sydney: X Publishing Company, n.d.
Sydney, [1782?]
Sydney, n.d., ca. 1793
Rule
Formatting page numbers
- Include page numbers to lead readers to the location of the information you are citing in the source, whether you paraphrased or directly quoted the original text.
- Some journal articles display the full text in HTML version, however you may need to view the full-text PDF version to see the page numbering as they would appear in the journal issue.
- For page ranges above 101, abbreviate the higher page number to the changed digits only (e.g. 519-21, instead of 519-521).
No page numbers
- Shorter web pages typically have no page numbers in which case just omit this element.
- For longer electronic works with no page numbers (e.g. some ebooks) you have the option of citing the chapter number, section heading or a similar locator for the reader's convenience. Cite paragraph numbers only if the original work uses paragraph numbering (e.g. verse numbers of poems and songs).
- A book or website cited as a whole work does not require page numbers; however the page range of a book chapter or journal article should be included in the bibliography list entry.
Rule
- Use URLs based on the DOI if provided in the source, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7
- If the DOI is given in this format: doi:10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7, drop "doi:" and append the numbers to "https:doi.org/" as shown above.
- If the source has no DOI, provide a URL that leads your reader either directly to the cited item or to some information about it.
- Use a URL that does not contains libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au within it as only those with Griffith logins can access the material.
- If no DOI or stable URL is provided, state the name of the database where you found the source.
- Word processors usually underline and turn a URL text blue to indicate an active hyperlink. You can deactivate URLs in Word, but check with and follow your teacher's preferences on whether hyperlinks should be active or not.
In-text and Notes
Acknowledge authors in your writing using consecutive superscript reference numbers. These numbers correspond to the notes reference numbers.
- Guest1 states that .....
- ......"direct quote from another source."2
- additionally Guest3–argues that....
1. Chris Guest, Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics (Canberra: Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016), 98.
2. Linda Puppe, Helen Jossberger, and Hans Gruber, “Learning Environments and the Role of Feedback in Sculpting Lessons," Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 21, no. 1 (April 2021): 85-98, https://doi.org/10.1386/adch_00048_1.
3. Guest, Sharing the Water, 151.
- Gullifer and Tyson's4 research concludes evidently,
how important it is for... ... is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants.
- The research concludes evidently,
how important it is for institutions ... ... is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants.4
Take note:
- In the text of your assignment place the superscript number after any punctuation mark, except for the dash which it precedes.
- In your notes provide a full note entry the first time a source is cited, then use the shortened form for subsequent notes.
- In your notes separate citation elements with commas.
Block quote notes:
- Block quotes are recommended for a hundred words or more and quoted material of more than a paragraph, even if very brief.
- Block quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks, always start on a new line and are indented or set in smaller type of font from the text.
- The in-text reference is given as part of the sentence before the quote or after the punctuation mark at the end of the quote.
Bibliography
Place the bibliography at the end of your assignment on a new page with the heading "Bibliography".
In your bibliography:
- arrange entries alphabetically by lead author's last name or in some cases by title
- list multiple works by the same author or group of authors alphabetically by title of article/chapter disregarding any leading A, An or The
- place a full stop at the end of the entry even if the last element is a URL
- invert only the lead author's name as follows: LastName, FirstName MiddleInitial—additional authors’ names are written as FirstName MiddleInitial LastName
- use authors' names as they appear in the source, including middle initials if provided
- use an author's full name throughout if it also appears in full in other references
- use authors' full name if they have a similar last names and initials as other authors.
Bibliography
Architects Accreditation Council of Australia. "Architectural Profession in Australia – a Snapshot." Architects Accreditation Council of Australia. Accessed July 28, 2019. https://www.aaca.org.au/architectural-profession-in-australia-a-snapshot/.
De Ferrari M., Felipe, producer. Interview with Adrien Verschuere 1/ Baukunst. Brussels, January 1, 2019. Video, 46:15. OnArchitecture.
Gray, Carole, and Julian Malins. Visualizing Research: A Guide to the Research Process in Art and Design. Aldershot, England: Routledge, 2016. EBSCOhost eBook Collection.
Guest, Chris. Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics. Canberra: Murray-Darling Basin Authority, 2016.
Henley, Ben. "2,000 Years of Records Show It's Getting Hotter, Faster." The Conversation. July 25, 2019. https://theconversation.com/2-000-years-of-records-show-its-getting-hotter-faster-120882.
Hugill, Andrew. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.
Kennedy, Brianna L. "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, edited by Uwe Flick, 1-22. London: SAGE Publications, 2018. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.
Littlejohn, Deborah. "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change." Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (April 2017): 33-51. https://doi.org/ 10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.
Lydiate, Henry. “Afterlife of Photographs.” Art Monthly, May 2019. ProQuest.
Papaioannou, Spyros. "Mapping the 'Non-representational': Derrida and Artaud's Metaphysics of Presence in Performance Practice." Liminalities 14, no. 4 (2018): 1-19. ProQuest.
Simpson, Anna. The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring. London: Palgrave MacMillan Limited, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.
Smith, Danielle. "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling." Art and Australia 51, 4 (Winter 2014): 519-21.
Soegaard, Mads. ”Hick’s Law: Making the Choice Easier for Users.” Interaction Design Foundation. August 18, 2019. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/hick-s-law-making-the-choice-easier-for-users.
Zachary, Cassidy, and April Callahan. "Exhibiting Heavenly Bodies: An Interview with Fashion Conservator Sarah Scaturro, Part I," Dressed: The History of Fashion (podcast) in HowStuffWorks platform, September 25, 2018. Audio, 1:03:40. https://www.dressedpodcast.com/podcasts/exhibiting-heavenly-bodies-an-interview-with-fashion-conservator-sarah-scaturro-part-i.htm.
Official manual
Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.
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Disclaimer
Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.
HIDDEN Style rules
Placement of reference numbers (superscripts) within the text
Citing a source in-text should follow a basic referencing principle which is to distinguish between ideas or words borrowed from others and those of your own.
Insert the reference number right after stating a borrowed idea or direct quotation, which is not necessarily at the end of a sentence. A hypothetical example:
This sentence shows two superscript numbers to indicate acknowledgement of an idea from one source,1 and of another from a different source.2 An exception to the rule of placing the reference number after a punctuation mark is the dash or hyphen: the superscript should be placed before the dash or hyphen, like this3—note that there is no space between the superscript and the dash. The superscripts then correspond to numbered footnotes at the bottom of the page or endnotes at the end of the entire text depending on which type of notes you are required to use.
Here's how to insert footnotes and endnotes in Word for Office 365, Word 2019/2016/2013/2010/2007.
General formatting rules for notes entries
- There are two types of notes: footnotes which appear at the bottom of the page, and endnotes which appear at the end of an article (but is not the same as the bibliography list). Confirm with your course convenor whether they require footnotes or endnotes.
- Provide a full note entry the first time a source is cited; subsequently, use the shortened form. This guide shows the first full entry and the shortened note for most of the examples by source.
- Chicago 17 discourages the use of ibid. Use the shortened note even when citing the same immediately preceding source.
- Notice that citation elements in note entries are separated by commas, whereas in bibliography list entries, elements are separated by full stops.
Bibliography list general rules
- The bibliography list starts on a new page at the end of the essay, with the heading Bibliography or Works Cited or References. Check with your course convenor the preferred heading.
- In written assignments it is customary to list only the sources that are cited in-text but if you are unsure please confirm with your course convenor.
- A bibliography list entry ends with a period or full stop even if the last element is a URL.
- Sorting: Entries are arranged alphabetically by lead author's last name. For multiple works by the same author or group of authors, list them all consecutively, sorted alphabetically by title of article/chapter disregarding any leading A, An or The.
Citation elements
- Author
- Only the lead author's name is inverted, i.e. the last name first, followed by a comma, a space, then the first name and any middle initials. Additional authors' names are in natural order.
- Use authors' names as they appear in the source, including middle initials if provided. Exceptions:
- If an author's name has initials but also appear as full names in other references, use full names throughout.
- For different authors with similar last names and initials, do provide full names.
- Titles: Some works are contained within a larger work (e.g. an article within a journal or a chapter within an edited book) - enclose the smaller work's title in double quotation marks, and italicise the larger work's title.
- Editions other than first: Include the edition number (not superscripted) or description after the title, with an intervening comma.
- In the notes:
- Andrew Hugill, The Digital Musician, 3rd ed., ...
- In the bibliography:
Hugill Andrew. The Digital Musician, 3rd ed. New York: ...
- Year: Refers primarily to year of publication. Alternative dates, where applicable, are shown in the format (e.g. Accessed date).
- City: Include the abbreviated name of the state (if in the USA) or country if the city may be confused with another city of the same name.
- Notice that citation elements in a bibliography list entries are mostly separated by periods/full stops, and by commas in the notes entries.
Page numbers
- Include page numbers to lead readers to the cited information in the source, whether you paraphrased or directly quoted in-text.
- View the full text PDF of journal articles to see page numbers as they would appear in the journal.
- Shorter webpages typically have no page numbers in which case you can omit this element.
- For longer electronic works with no page numbers, e.g. some ebooks, it would be appropriate but not required to cite chapter number, section heading or similar locators for the reader's convenience.
- A source cited as a whole work (e.g. a reference to a novel as a whole) does not require citation of specific pages.
- For page ranges above 101, abbreviate the higher page number to the changed digits only, e.g. 519-21, not 519-521.
URLs and DOIs
- Use URLs based on the DOI if provided in the source, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7
- If the DOI is given in this format: doi:10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7, drop "doi:" and append the numbers to "https:doi.org/" as shown above.
- If the source has no DOI, provide a URL that leads your reader either directly to the cited item or to some information about it. Note:
- Unless approved by your course convenor, do not use a URL that contains libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au within it as only those with Griffith logins can access the material.
- Some journal articles are open access and freely available on the web, in which case it will have a direct URL you can use, or you can copy/paste the URL from the browser's address bar.
- If no DOI or stable URL is provided, state the name of the database where you found the source.
- Word processors usually underline and turn a URL text blue to indicate an active hyperlink. You can deactivate URLs in Word, but check with and follow your teacher's preferences on whether hyperlinks should be active or not.
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