Chicago 17 author date

Chicago 17 Author-Date examples
How to create in-text citations
How to format a reference list
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This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.

The Chicago 17 Author-Date is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools

Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.

When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.

Using generative AI ethically and responsibly module

Chicago 17 Author-Date examples

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Book

Book – electronic

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name. DOI/URL/Database Name.

Examples

Simpson, Anna. 2017. The Innovation-Friendly Organization: How to Cultivate New Ideas and Embrace the Change They Bring. London: Palgrave MacMillan Limited. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48302-7.

Quinnan, Timothy William. 1997. Adult Students "At-Risk": Culture Bias in Higher Education. Westport: Bergin & Garvey. CEIRC NetLibrary.

United Nations. 1945. Charter of the United Nations. Last accessed October 14, 2019. San Francisco: United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html.

Notes

Include the DOI, when provided in the source - it is the preferred locator. The DOI should be expressed in https://doi.org/10... format.
If a DOI is not provided, then provide either the Database Name, or the URL and the date it was last published, modified or accessed.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Book – print

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name.

Example

Guest, Chris. 2016. Sharing the Water: One Hundred Years of River Murray Politics. Canberra: Murray-Darling Basin Authority.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Book chapter

Format

Electronic

ChapterAuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Chapter Title: Subtitle if Any.” In Book Title: Subtitle if Any, edited by Editor1FirstName LastName, Editor2FirstName LastName, and Editor3FirstName LastName, page range. City: Publisher Name. DOI/URL/Database Name.

Print

ChapterAuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Chapter Title: Subtitle if Any.” In Book Title: Subtitle if Any, edited by Editor1FirstName LastName, Editor2FirstName LastName, and Editor3FirstName LastName, page range. City: Publisher Name.

Examples

Kennedy, Brianna L. 2018. "Deduction, Induction, and Abduction." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, edited by Uwe Flick, 1-22. London: SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.

Sherren, Kate. 2006. "Pillars of Society: The Historical Context for Sustainability and Higher Education in Australia." In Sustainability in the Australasian University Context, edited by Walter Leal Filho and David Carpenter, 11-32. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Notes

For print books, omit the DOI, URL or Database Name from the reference entry.
All titles are in Headline Case.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Book with editor

Format

EditorLastName, FirstName, ed. Year. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher. DOI/URL/Database Name.

Example

Stewart, Jon, ed. 2015. A Companion to Kierkegaard. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. ProQuest Electronic book Central.

Notes

For more than one editor, write “eds.” Instead of “ed.”
The format is the same for print books except for the DOI/URL/Database element.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Encyclopedia

Format

Title of Encyclopedia. Year published/last modified/accessed. Edition name/number if any. Last modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.

Examples

Grove Art Online. 2008. Last modified July 15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004334.

Peterson, Penelope L., Eva L. Baker, and Barry McGaw, eds. International encyclopedia of education. 2010. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier Science. Accessed Dec 12, 2019. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=365567

Notes

Do not italicise titles of electronic encyclopedias that don't, and have never had, a printed counterpart, e.g. Wikipedia.
Encyclopedias with editors are treated as edited books.
Encyclopedias that do not show editor names start with the title of the work.
Sections with individual authors in edited encyclopedias are treated as chapters in edited books.
If the encyclopedia is in print, replace the URL with publishing details as shown in Book - print.
Encyclopedias on the web often do not have an edition name or number.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Dictionary

Format

Electronic

AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName, ed. or eds. Year published/last modified/accessed. Title of Dictionary. Publication/Last Modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. Edition Name if any e.g. Academic ed. URL/Database Name.

Print

AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName, ed. or eds. Year. Title of Dictionary. Edition Name if any e.g. Academic ed. Year last modified/accessed. City: Publisher Name. URL/Database Name.

Examples

Stockhammer, Morris, ed. 2014. Plato Dictionary. Accessed October 14, 2019. Proquest Ebook Central.

Merriam-Webster. 2019. Accessed August 25, 2019. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kludge.

Bell, Robert E., ed. 1982. Dictionary of Classical Mythology: Symbols, Attributes, and Associations. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, LLC.

Collins English Dictionary. 1998. 4th Australian ed. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers.

Notes

The main difference between online and print versions of encyclopedias is in the presence or absence of a URL or database name in the reference entry.
Likewise, follow author entry rules for author names in a reference entry.
Do not italicise titles of electronic dictionaries that have never had a printed counterpart, e.g. Urban Dictionary.
Encyclopedias on the web often do not have an edition name or number.
Include an access date if a date of publication or revision cannot be determined.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Audiobook – via app

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title of Audiobook. Read by FirstName LastName. City: Publisher. App Name ed., Duration.

Example

Pape, Scott. 2017. The Barefoot Investor. Read by Scott Pape. Milton: Wiley. Audible audio ed., 6:29:00.

Notes

For podcasts embedded in webpages, follow the format in Audio stream.
Duration is the duration of the entire file and expressed as presented in the source, hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min., xx sec.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Editions other than first

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. Edition ed. City: Publisher. DOI/URL/Database.

Example

Hugill, Andrew. 2019. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.

Notes

Notice the edition number is not superscripted: 2nd ed., not 2^nd ed.
Other types of editions: rev. ed. (revised edition); Asia-Pacific ed. (name of a publication series).

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Article

Journal article – electronic with DOI

Format

With month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxx-.

Without month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number (issue number): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxx-.

Example

Littlejohn, Deborah. 2017. "Disciplining the Graphic Design Discipline: The Role of External Engagement, Mediating Meaning, and Transparency as Catalysts for Change." Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (April): 33-51. https://doi.org/ 10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.

Glass, Jennifer, and Phillip Levchak. 2014. "Red States, and Divorce: Understanding the Impact of Conservative Protestantism on Regional Variations in Divorce Rates." American Journal of Sociology 119 (4): 1002-46. https://doi.org/10.1086/674703.

Notes

When there is no month or season, the issue number is placed in parentheses.
Article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks while journal titles are in italics.
All titles are in headline case.
State journal titles in full but drop any leading The (e.g. British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics).
The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier, and should be provided in the reference entry where it is available. This alphanumeric string is usually located on the first page with other referencing elements in both print and electronic articles.
A DOI is expressed in the reference entry as a secure url, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Journal article – electronic with URL

Format

With month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season): page range. URL/Database name.

Without month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number (issue number): page range. URL/Database name.

Example

Papaioannou, Spyros. 2018. "Mapping the 'Non-representational': Derrida and Artaud's Metaphysics of Presence in Performance Practice." Liminalities 14, no. 4: 1-19. ProQuest.

Notes

When there is no month or season, the issue number is placed in parentheses.
If no DOI is provided in the source, use a stable URL that does not contain libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au within it as only those with a Griffith login will be able to access the article.
Alternatively, check with your course convenor if a URL which contains libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au is acceptable for assignments.
If no stable URL is available, provide the name of the database where you found the source.
Article titles are enclosed in double quotation marks while journal titles are in italics.
All titles are in headline case.
State journal titles in full but drop any leading The (e.g. British Journal of Aesthetics instead of The British Journal of Aesthetics).

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Journal article – print

Format

With month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season): page range.

Without month or season

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title volume number (issue number): page range.

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Journal Title, no. issue number: page range.

Example

Smith, Danielle. 2014. "Mechanisms of Making: Simon Starling." Art and Australia 51, no. 4 (Winter): 519-21.

Notes

Include the month or season, if provided in the source, after the volume and issue details, as shown in the example above.
If there is no month or season stated, place the issue number in parentheses.
If there is an issue number only, omit the volume and month/season details.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Newspaper article – electronic

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Publication Month Day, Year. DOI/URL/Database.

Newspaper Title. Year. "Title of Article." Publication Month Day, Year. DOI/URL/Database.

Examples

Walden, Max. 2019. “Malaysia Urges Citizens to Obey Australian Immigration Law After Report of 33,000 Asylum Claims.” ABC News, September 2, 2019. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-02/33000-malaysians-sought-asylum-in-australia/11470480.

Townsville Bulletin. 2010. "Skype Adds 3G Video to iPhone." December 31, 2010. Factiva.

Notes

The first year written is always the year of publication or creation, whereas the second date written is generally the date that the article was updated.
If a hardcopy/printed newspaper was consulted, there would be no DOI/URL/Database Name.
If a newspaper article has no author, the title of the newspaper is cited as the first element in the reference list entry, followed by the year of publication.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Newspaper article – print

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Publication Month Day, Year, Page range.

Example

Whyte, Jemima, James Eyres, and Jonathan Shapiro. 2019. “Desperate Effort Couldn't Revive Latitude.” Financial Review, October 17, 2019, 1.

Notes

If a newspaper article has no author, the title of the newspaper is cited as the first element in the reference list entry, followed by the year of publication, the title of the newspaper etc.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Book review in journal

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Book Reviewed, by BookAuthor. Journal Title volume number, no. issue number (Month or Season, if any): page range. DOI/URL/Database.

Example

Sorkin, Jenni. 2019. "Knit One Below, Purl Two Together: Plying the Politic of Seduction." Review of Fray: Art and Textile Politics, by Julia Bryan-Wilson. Art Journal 78, no. 1 (Spring): 116-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2019.1598156.

Schwarzer, Mitchell. 1997. "Otto Couture: Wagner's Mixed-Matched Attire." Review of Otto Wagner: Reflections on the Raiment of Modernity, edited by Harry Francis Maligrave. Design Book Review, no. 39: 12. Proquest Central.

Notes

Elements of a review should include, name of reviewer, title of the review in quotation marks, the words Review of, followed by the name of the work reviewed and it's author, editor or creator, location and date (in the case of a performance) and the publishing details of the book or journal in which the review appeared.
Note that the format of the volume and issue of a journal varies according to whether there is a volume, month or season stated on the source journal. See journal article examples.
Live performances are generally not included in the reference list, but instead are discussed in the text with the details of the performance, ie. the name of the performance, location and date.
Include the title and author of the book or material being reviewed, and proceed to format the reference list entries according to the source type of the review, e.g. as a journal article, as webpage or website content.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Unpublished – Journal article accepted for publication but not yet appeared

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Forthcoming. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any." Preprint, submitted Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

Ye, Han, and Zhunchen Luo. Forthcoming. "Deep Ranking Based Cost-Sensitive Multi-Label Learning for Distant Supervision Relation Extraction." Preprint, submitted July 25, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11521.

Notes

The word “Forthcoming” is stated instead of the year of publication for any unpublished material.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Report, thesis, conference

Government publication

Format

Author or Organisation Name. Year. Title of Publication. Document ID/version number if any. City: Publisher. URL.

Examples

Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. 2019. Digital Platforms Inquiry: Final Report. Canberra: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdf

Australian Research Council. 2017. ARC Open Access Policy. Version 2017.1. Canberra: Australian Research Council. https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/arc-open-access-policy.

Notes

For printed versions of government publications, simply omit the URL.
Use this format for non-legislative or non-legal types of government-published documents.
For legal types of government publications such as Acts, cases, treaties, Gazettes, and Parliamentary papers, we recommend the use of a legal citation system such as the Australian Guide to Legal Citation 4th ed.
An author can be a person (follow Chicago 17th author rules), a group of persons (e.g. a committee or named individuals), or a government department or agency, and may be the same entity as the publisher.
Publisher refers to the government department or agency that published or commissioned the creation of the document.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Report

Format

Author or Organisation Name. Year. Title of Publication. Document ID/version number if any. City: Publisher. URL/Database Name.

Examples

Artspace Mackay Foundation. 2018. Artspace Mackay Foundation Annual Report 2017-18. Mackay, Australia: Artspace Mackay Foundation Ltd. http://www.artspacemackay.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/233112/foundation_report.pdf.

Leask, Betty, and Jude Carroll. 2013. Learning and Teaching Across Cultures: Good Practice Principles and Good Guides. Melbourne: International Education Association of Australia (IEAA). https://www.ieaa.org.au/documents/item/397.

Notes

Use this format for pamphlets, corporate reports, brochures and other freestanding publications, print or electronic.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Conference paper

Format

Print

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Title: Subtitle if Any.” Proceedings Title, edited by EditorFirstName LastName, page range. City of Conference: Publisher. DOI/URL/Database.

Electronic

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. “Title: Subtitle if Any.” Paper presented at the Conference Name, City, State of Conference (if in USA), Month Year. URL.

Examples

Zitkus, Emilene. 2017. " A Review of Interactive Technologies Supporting Universal Design Practice." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Development Approaches and Methods, edited by M. Antona and C. Stephanidis, 132-41. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58706-6_11.

Notes

Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. advises that "A paper included in the published proceedings of a meeting may be treated like a chapter in a book" [14.120]. "If published in a journal, it is treated as an article" [14.168-87].
If a conference proceedings paper is in printed form, simply omit the URL section.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Conference proceedings

Format

EditorLastName, FirstName, ed. or eds. Year. Conference Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher. DOI/URL/Database Name.

Example

Bickman, Leonard, and Henry Ellis, eds. 1990. Preparing Psychologists for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Notes

Whole conferences can be treated as edited books.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Thesis or dissertation – from a database

Format

LastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Thesis.” Masters thesis or PhD diss., University. Database Name (Identifying number if any).

Example

Hand, William Joseph. 2008. "The art of art therapy: An exploration of past and present roles of art in art therapy." PhD diss., Concordia University. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (MR40967).

Notes

For papers retrieved from a commercial database, supply the database name and any identifying number enclosed in parentheses.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Thesis or dissertation – from an institutional repository

Format

LastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Thesis.” Masters thesis or PhD diss., University. URL.

Example

Schultz, Tristan D. 2019. “Decolonising Design: Mapping Futures,” abstract. PhD diss., Griffith University. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386318.

Notes

As shown in the example above, the word "abstract" is added right after the thesis title when citing only the abstract of a paper.
For papers retrieved from the Web or an institutional repository, provide the URL. If from a commercial database, supply the database name and any identifying number enclosed in parentheses.
URL is not required for theses consulted in print format.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Thesis or dissertation – print

Format

LastName, FirstName. Year. “Title of Thesis.” Masters thesis or PhD diss., University.

Example

Girdwood, Jill Lynette. 2009. "Aiming for success: academic support for international students at Griffith University Faculty of Education." Masters thesis, Griffith University.

Notes

A URL is not required for theses consulted in print format.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Video, audio, music, performance

Video stream – database

Format

CreatorLastName, FirstName, designation. Year. "Title of Video." Filmed/Published/Accessed Month Day, Year in Location. Format, duration. Database Name.

Example

De Ferrari M., Felipe, producer. 2019. "Interview with Adrien Verschuere 1/ Baukunst." Filmed January 1, 2019 in Brussels. Video, 46:15. OnArchitecture.

Notes

Designation can be dir. (director) or producer. Additional contributors can be included after the title (e.g. edited by, written by).
In the reference list entry, you can exclude details like other contributors and limit to main citation elements.
Use Accessed date only if no published/released date is given - include the word "Accessed".
Duration is the duration of the entire file and expressed as presented in the source, hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min., xx sec.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo

Format

Channel Name. Year. “Title of Video.” Contributor information if known. Published/Filmed/Accessed Month Day, Year in Location. PlatformName video, duration. URL.

Examples

Alex Kavutskiy. 2019. “Squirrel.” Written and directed by Alex Kavutsky with performances by Max Jenkins and Andrea Rosen. Published July 23, 2019. Vimeo video, 16:24. https://vimeo.com/349748860.

Carnegie Museum of Art. 2014. “Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de’ Medici.” Carnegie Museum of Art. Published November 26, 2014. YouTube video, 7:18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.

Notes

Copy the Channel Name as shown in the source. In the example “Alex Kavutskiy” is the name of the Vimeo channel, hence it is not formatted as a LastName, FirstName in the reference entry.
Duration is the duration of the entire file and expressed as presented in the source, hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min., xx sec.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray

Format

Series

ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release year. Series Title. Other contributor information if any. City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.

Episode

ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release year. Series Title. Season number, episode number, “Episode Title.” Other contributor information. City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.

Film

ContributorLastName, FirstName, designation. Original release year. Film Title. Other contributor information. City: Distributor Name, Year. Recording medium information.

Examples

Jackson, Kenneth, dir. and writer. 1983. V: Humankind’s Last Stand (The Original Miniseries). Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros., 2019. 1 disc, Blu-ray 1080p HD.

Mylod, Mark, dir. 2017. Game of Thrones. Season 7, episode 2, “Stormborn.” Written by Bryan Cogman. 2017; South Yarra: Roadshow Entertainment, 2017. Season 7, 1 disc, region 4 DVD.

Verrall, Robert, prod. 1970. Doodle Film. Directed by Donald Winkler. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1970. 11-min film reel, 16 mm.

Notes

Contributor designations include director (dir.), producer (prod.), writer, performer, host, presenter, etc.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Podcast

Format

ContributorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Multimedia Content." Title of webpage if any. Additional relevant information. Recorded/Released/Filmed Month Day, Year. Media type or Format, duration. URL.

Examples

Zachary, Cassidy, and April Callahan. 2018. "Exhibiting Heavenly Bodies: An Interview with Fashion Conservator Sarah Scaturro, Part I." Dressed: The History of Fashion (podcast) in HowStuffWorks platform. Published September 25, 2018. Audio, 01:03:44. https://www.dressedpodcast.com/podcasts/exhibiting-heavenly-bodies-an-interview-with-fashion-conservator-sarah-scaturro-part-i.htm.

Notes

Chicago 17th allows a bit of leeway in formatting multimedia content. Adapt the format provided above for multimedia types other than podcast.
Regarding the Additional information element: Include only what is important for your readers to know; it could be content type (animation, movie trailer, interview, interactive quiz etc.), filming date and location, or names of other contributors (director, producer, writer, performer etc.), or an aspect that needs highlighting within the citation.
Include file format only for downloadable files, e.g. MP3, WAV, EXE, MIDI etc.
Duration is the duration of the entire file and expressed as presented in the source, hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min., xx sec.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Podcast via app

Format

ProducerLastName, FirstName. Year. Podcast Title. Aired Month Day, Year. Episode number, "Episode Title." App Name ed., duration.

Examples

Mars, Roman. 2019. 99% Invisible. Episode 365, "On Beeing." Aired August 7, 2019. Apple Podcasts ed., 24:52.

Notes

Duration is the duration of the entire file and expressed as presented in the source, hh:mm:ss or xx hr., xx min., xx sec.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Audio physical – LP, CD, Tape

Format

CreatorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title of Audio Recording. Performed/Spoken by FirstName LastName. Recording Company/Label if available. Recording medium information.

Examples

Thomas, Dylan. 1953. Under Milk Wood. Performed by Dylan Thomas. Caedmon TC-2005, New York. 33 1/3 rpm, 2 LPs.

Windsor, Edward Duke of. 1936. “Abdication Speech.” Spoken by Edward the Duke of Windsor. 78 rpm, 12 in., 1 disc.

Notes

Chicago 17 Manual, 14.263, states that titles of books, albums/soundtracks should be in italics, but titles of speeches, lectures, individual songs from an album/soundtrack, or poems/stories from a book or bigger publication are enclosed in double quotation marks.
The date can be the date of recording, the copyright date or published date included with the recording.
The publisher's name is immediately followed by acquisition numbers if provided in the source.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Live performance

Review - performing arts

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Item Being Reviewed, written/produced/performed by ItemAuthor/Producer/Performer. Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year. URL/Database.

Example

Sandwell, Ian. 2019. "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Review: A Sprawling and Indulgent Ode to a Golden Age." Review of Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, a film directed Quentin Tarantino. Digital Spy, August 8, 2019. https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a28536552/once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-review-quentin-tarantino/.

Notes

Elements of a review should include, name of reviewer, title of the review in quotation marks, the words Review of, followed by the name of the work reviewed and it's author or creator, location and date (in the case of a performance) and the publishing details of the book or journal in which the review appeared.
Live performances are generally not included in the reference list, but instead are discussed in the text with the details of the performance, ie. the name of the performance, location and date.
Include the title and author of the book or material being reviewed, and proceed to format the reference list entries according to the source type of the review, e.g. as a journal article, as webpage or website content.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Image, table, data, statistics

Image - illustration, table, chart from a book, journal article, webpage, etc

Image - painting, photograph, work of art

Image - map

Format

LastName, FirstName, cartographer. CreationYear. Map Title or Description. Scale, dimensions. Publication details or Location. URL.

Examples

Maris Pacifici quod vulgo Mar del Zur. 1595. Map. 559mm x 431mm x 1mm. National Museum of Australia, Canberra. http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/131792.

Tindale, Norman B., cartographer. 1940. Map depicting the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia. 1:6,336,000 scale, 64 x 76 cm. National Library of Australia, call number MAP G8961.E1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-230054338/view.

Notes

If the cartographer is unknown, the Map Title or a description is the first element.
If the map is within a larger publication, provide the Year, Publication Title, City: Publisher, otherwise include where the map is housed.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Statistics

Format

Organisation Name. Publication Date. Full Title of Document. Catalogue/Record Number. Publication/Last updated/Accessed Date in Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Research and Experimental Development, Higher Education Organisations, Australia. Last updated May 22, 2018. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Data set

Format

Dataset Creator/Author. Year. Title of Dataset, reference number if any, date coverage, dataset. Publication/Updated date in Month Day, Year. DOI/URL.

Example

City of Gold Coast. 2018. Gold Coast Bus Shelters, dataset. Australian Government, Digital Transformation Agency. Updated October 2, 2018. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/be880d63-175a-4383-b0f2-ef88b831eba9.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Review - art exhibition

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Title of Review Article." Review of Title of Art Exhibition, an art exhibition curated by Name of Art Gallery/Museum. Title of Review Publication, Month Day, Year. URL/Database.

Example

Wheadon, Nico. 2019. "With 'Radical Love,' the Ford Foundation's Art Gallery Makes the Case for Loving as a Social Justice Strategy." Review of Radical Love, an art exhibition curated by the Ford Foundation Gallery. Artnet News, July 31, 2019. https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/ford-foundation-gallery-radical-love-1612009.

Notes

Elements of a review should include, name of reviewer, title of the review in quotation marks, the words Review of, followed by the name of the work reviewed and it's author or creator, location and date (in the case of a performance) and the publishing details of the book or journal in which the review appeared.
Include the title and author of the book or material being reviewed, and proceed to format the reference list entries according to the source type of the review, e.g. as a journal article, as webpage or website content.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Work of art viewed in person

Format

CreatorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title of Artwork. Medium, dimensions if available. Location of the Work.

Example

Streeton, Arthur. 1893. The Point Wharf, Mosman Bay. Oil on canvas, 38 x 25.5 cm. National Gallery of Australia.

Notes

Pieces of artwork are usually mentioned in-text only, providing details such as the name of the creator, year of creation, title of the piece of artwork, the medium and other description of the artwork, location and other pertinent information.
If a reference list entry is required, follow the above.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Website, social media, software, AI

Web page

Format

No publication date

LastName, FirstName. n.d. "Webpage Title." Site section or Website Title. Last modified or Accessed date Month Day, Year. URL.

Publication date

LastName, FirstName. Year. “Webpage Title.” Website Name. Owner/Publisher. URL.

Examples

IMDb. n.d. "Adding Data." IMDb Help Center. Accessed August 10, 2019. https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.

Soegaard, Mads. 2019. ”Hick’s Law: Making the Choice Easier for Users.” Interaction Design Foundation. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/hick-s-law-making-the-choice-easier-for-users.

Notes

If no authors are named, the website owner/publisher is the first element.
If there is no date of publication, state n.d. as the year published and use the date the website was Last modified or Accessed after the title details.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Web document

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName or Organisation Name. Publication Year. "Title of Downloaded Document." Website Name/Publisher Name. Last Modified/Accessed date in Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

Romanis, Justine. 2018. "National STEM Strategy 2019-2023." Engineers Australia. Last modified May 15, 2019. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/2022-07/ea-stem-strategy-2019-2023.pdf

Notes

Use for stand-alone documents downloadable from a website.
For website content like a blog, online news/magazine article, multimedia/audiovisual, corporate reports or government publications, refer to the relevant section of this guide.
The author may or may not be the same as the publisher of the document, and at times the website name is different to the name of the publisher of the document. In the example above, the website name and the publisher of the document are one and the same and so is not repeated.
Some websites allow documents that were originally published by other entities to be available on their site which means the website and publisher names will be different.
If there is no date of publication, state n.d. as the year published and use the date the website was Last modified or Accessed after the title details.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Blog post

Format

Blog post

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. "Blog Post Title." Blog Name (blog), Name of Encompassing Publication if any. Month Day, Year. URL.

Entire blog

Blog Name (blog), Name of Encompassing Publication if any. URL.

Examples

Hoober, Steven. 2019. "A Design Language for Touch, Gesture, and Motion." Mobile Matters (blog), UX Matters. May 6, 2019. https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2019/05/a-design-language-for-touch-gesture-and-motion.php.

Murrell, Elle. 2018. "2018 Archibald Prize Finalists Unveiled." The Design Files (blog). May 3, 2018. https://thedesignfiles.net/2018/05/2018-archibald-prize/.

Creative Insight (blog), Creative Review. https://www.creativereview.co.uk/landing-page/creative-insight/.

Notes

It is usually sufficient to cite details for an entire blog within the body of your text rather than including the details in a reference list entry. If a reference list entry is required, state as above.
A blog that is part of a larger publication should include the name of the encompassing publication if it is available, as shown above.
A comment to a blog post does not require a reference list entry, but the related blog post (the one commented on) is listed.
Unless otherwise stated, the first date listed refers to the publication date, the second refers to the date that the site was Last modified or Accessed.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Software, app or interactive media

Format

Creator/Developer Name. Year of release. Software/App Name. Version number. Publisher Name. Additional information relevant to context of citation.

Example

King. 2019. Candy Crush Saga. V. 1.155.0.3. King. iOS 12.3 or later. First released on iOS April 12, 2012.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Generative AI tools

Legal, standard, unpublished

Legal and public documents

Standard

Format

Standards Body/Organisation. Year. Name of Standard, Edition or Identification Number. Location: Standards Body/Organisation. URL.

Example

Standards Australia/Standards NZ. 2019. Geographic Information – Reference Model – Imagery, AS/NZS ISO 19101.2:2019. Sydney: SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com.

Notes

If there are no personal author details, list the publishing organisation as the author.
If the resource can only be accessed with an account login, provide the web address of the publisher's homepage.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Patent

Format

CreatorLastName, FirstName, and Creator2FirstName LastName. Year published. Title of Patent. Patent Number/Identifier, filed Month Day, Year, and issued Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

Kinloch, Ian, Robert Young, and Lei Gong. 2016. Graphene Composites. Australian application number 2016222482, filed September 2, 2016, and issued September 22, 2016. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016222482.

Notes

Title of patent is not italicised.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Lecture notes

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Year. Title of Course Material. Recording platform if relevant, course lecture, lecture date in Month Day, Year. City: Publisher/University Name, Year recorded. URL.

Example

Marshalsey, Lorraine. 2018. 1537QCA_3185_GC - Lecture - G03 2.10. Echo360 recording, course lecture, July 10, 2018. Gold Coast, Australia: Griffith University. https://learning.griffith.edu.au/.

Notes

If the source is accessible only to authorised account holders, include a general URL of the site.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Personal communication

Unpublished – Book under contract with title but no publication date

Format

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Forthcoming. Book Title: Subtitle if Any. City: Publisher Name.

Example

Smith, Jane. Forthcoming. Bioethics: Wicked Problems in Emerging Technologies. Brisbane: Chimerical Publications.

Notes

The word “Forthcoming” is stated instead of the year of publication for any unpublished material.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Archive material from the National Archives of Australia

Format

Institution Name: Name of Agency Creator of Record; Series Number, Series Title, Series Date Range; Control Symbol, Item Title, Item Date Range. URL.

Example

National Archives of Australia: Australian Postal Corporation, State Office, Queensland; J3088, Post and Telegraph (Qld), ca 1846 -ca 1992; QPT296, Tramway Mail, 1899-1969. http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/search/.

Notes

The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. recommends using the style provided (if any) by the archival institution. If no specific style is recommended, use the general format above.
When citing material in the National Archives of Australia (NAA), refer to Citing Archival Records - Fact Sheet 7 regarding recommended citation elements and abbreviations.
For archive material other than from NAA, refer to the next link "Archive material - not from National Archives of Australia"

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Archive material other than from the National Archives of Australia

Format

LastName, FirstName, designation. "Name of Archive Material." Item number. Media type/Description. Name of Institution, City, State/Country. URL.

Examples

Miles, Maggie and Robert Connolly, prods. “The Turning: [Original Release],” 1187312. Film. National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra, Australia. http://colsearch.nfsa.gov.au/nfsa/search/display/display.w3p;page=0;query=Id%3A1187312;rec=0;resCount=10.

Notes

The Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed. recommends using the style provided (if any) by the archival institution. If no specific style is recommended, use this format.

In-text

Format

1 author

(AuthorLastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

2 authors

(Author1LastName and Author2LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

3 authors

(Author1LastName, Author2LastName, and Author3LastName Year, Page number or Timestamp)

4+ authors

(Author1LastName et al. Year, Page number or Timestamp)

Example

…paraphrased sentence (Smith 1999, 52).

Smith (1999, 52) stated ...

(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)

(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)

Authors	Reference list	In-text citation
1	Guest, Chris. Title....	(Guest 2016, 156)
2	Cohen, Jean-Louis, and Christian Hubert. Year. Title....	(Cohen and Hubert 2015, 252)
3	Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Year. Title....	(Perrotta, Bailey, and Garside 2018, 563)
4 - 10	Farshad, Arvin, Jose Espinosa, Benjamin Bird, Andrew West, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. Year. Title....	(Farshad et al. 2019, 771)
11+	List up to seven authors, followed by et al. Home, Robert, Olivia Lewis, Nicole Bauer, Andreas Fliessbach, David Frey, Stéphanie Lichtsteiner, Marco Moretti et al. Year. Title....	(Home et al. 2019, 192)

Other

Multiple references in one citation

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year

No author

No date

No page number

Source citing another source

In-text citations

Acknowledge authors in your writing using the following formats:

Paraphrase: ...was concluded (Author Year, Page).; Author (Year, Page) discusses how...

Examples:

Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston 2007, 61).

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm and Chaudri 2000, 52).

Quote: Author (Year, Page) states that...; ...(Author Year, Page)

Examples:

Fetherston claims that teachers "suggest ways of looking at the new material" (Fetherston 2007, 61).

Bohm and Chaudri (2000, 52) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training."

Block quote examples:

Gullifer and Tyson's (2010, 478) research concludes evidently,

how important it is for institutions... ...is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants.

The research concludes evidently,

how important it is for institutions... ...is not done in the haphazard or piecemeal manner reported by participants. (Gullifer and Tyson 2010, 478)

Take note:

provide a page number for direct quotes and paraphrased text
use the chapter, section or paragraph number ('chap.' or 'sec.' or 'para.') if there is no page number then omit this detail
abbreviate page number if the range is above 101, for example: 519-21, not 519-521
include a time stamp in hh:mm:ss format instead of a page number for audiovisual material (video, podcasts, DVDs etc.), for example: "...quoted sentence" (Kavutskiy 2019, 4:24).
block quotes are recommended for a hundred words or more and quoted material of more than a paragraph, even if very brief.
block quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks, always start on a new line and are indented or set in smaller type of font from the text.
for block quotes, the in-text reference is given in parentheses as part of the sentence before the quote or after the punctuation mark at the end of the quote.

Reference list

Place the reference list at the end of your assignment on a new page with the heading of "References".

In your reference list:

add a reference for every source cited in your work.
order references alphabetically by the last name of the author(s) or organisation name
list works with no author under the first significant word of the title
write authors' names in the order they listed on the title page of the source, initials can be used for first names
invert the first author's name, for example: LastName, FirstName and subsequent author names in this order, for example: FirstName LastName
indent the second and subsequent lines of each reference
write titles and subtitles in headline case, where the first letter of each major word is capitalised
separate each element of a reference with a full stop.

Sample referencing list

References

Alex Kavutskiy. 2019. “Squirrel.” Written and directed by Alex Kavutsky with performances by Max Jenkins and Andrea Rosen. Published July 23, 2019. Vimeo video, 16:24. https://vimeo.com/349748860.

Art Gallery of New South Wales. 2007. Australian Etchings & Engravings 1880s – 1930s: From the Gallery’s Collection. Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/online-catalogues/australian-etchings-engravings-1880s-1930s-gallerys-collection/.

Biggs, John, and Catherine Tang. 2007. Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does. 3rd ed. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

Carnegie Museum of Art. 2014. “Behind the Scenes: The Restoration of Isabella de’ Medici.” Carnegie Museum of Art. Published November 26, 2014. YouTube video, 7:18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFhKZv-fgXs.

City of Gold Coast. 2018. Gold Coast Bus Shelters, dataset. Australian Government, Digital Transformation Agency. Updated October 2, 2018. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/be880d63-175a-4383-b0f2-ef88b831eba9.

Creative Insight (blog). Creative Review. https://www.creativereview.co.uk/landing-page/creative-insight/.

De Ferrari M., Felipe, producer. 2019. "Interview with Adrien Verschuere 1/ Baukunst." Filmed January 1, 2019 in Brussels. Video, 46:15. OnArchitecture.

Emery, Ted, dir. Kath & Kim. 2007. Season 4, episode 4, “Environment.” Riley Turner Productions. Aired September 9, 2007, on ABC TV, Australia.

Grove Art Online. 2008. Last modified July 15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004334.

Hoober, Steven. 2019. "A Design Language for Touch, Gesture, and Motion." Mobile Matters (blog), UX Matters. May 6, 2019. https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2019/05/a-design-language-for-touch-gesture-and-motion.php.

Hugill, Andrew. 2019. The Digital Musician. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203704219.

IMDb. n.d. "Adding Data." IMDb Help Center. Accessed August 10, 2019. https://help.imdb.com/article/contribution/contribution-information/adding-data/G6BXD2JFDCCETUF4?ref_=helpart_nav_8#.

Murrell, Elle. Year. "2018 Archibald Prize Finalists Unveiled." The Design Files (blog). May 3, 2018. https://thedesignfiles.net/2018/05/2018-archibald-prize/.

Papaioannou, Spyros. 2018. "Mapping the 'Non-representational': Derrida and Artaud's Metaphysics of Presence in Performance Practice." Liminalities 14, no. 4: 1-19. ProQuest.

Romanis, Justine. 2019. "National STEM Strategy 2019-2023." Engineers Australia. Last modified May 15, 2019. https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/2022-07/ea-stem-strategy-2019-2023.pdf

Soegaard, Mads. 2019. ”Hick’s Law: Making the Choice Easier for Users.” Interaction Design Foundation. August 18, 2019. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/hick-s-law-making-the-choice-easier-for-users.

Official manual

Consult the manual and authoritative web sites for more information.

The Chicago Manual of Style

Citation Quick Guide: Author-Date

How to print or save a copy of this guide

Disclaimer

Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.

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